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Chapter 1
Introduction to Radiation Protection
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| absorbed dose | the amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by an irradiated object; this absorbed energy is responsible for any biologic damage resulting from tissues being exposed to radiation; he gray (Gy) is the SI unit of this radiation quantity |
| ALARA | precept holding that occupational exposure of the patient, occupationally exposed persons, and the general public should be kept "as low as reasonably achievable" |
| alert levels | patient dose levels that have substantially exceeded normal dose levels and notifies the staff radiologist |
| Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging | a partnership of medical societies, founded in 2007, whose overall common purpose is to reduce dose for pediatric patients |
| Background Equivalent Radiation Time (BERT) | method to compare the amount of radiation received from a radiologic procedure with natural background radiation received over a specified period such as days, weeks, months, or years |
| adverse biologic effects | type of harm that damages the living tissue of animals and humans by exposure to ionizing radiation |
| coulomb per kilogram (C/kg) | SI unit of radiation exposure |
| diagnostic efficacy | the degree to which a diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in a patient |
| effective dose | quantity that is used for radiation protection purposes to provide a measure of the overall risk of exposure to humans from ionizing radiation; takes into account the dose from all types of ionizing radiation to various irradiated organs or tissues |
| exposure | the amount of ionizing radiation that may strike an object, such as the human body, when in the vicinity of a radiation source; the SI unit used to measure exposure is coulombs/kg (C/kg) or roentgens |
| gray (Gy) | SI unit of absorbed dose and air kerma |
| Image Gently Campaign | initiated by the Alliance for Radiation safety in Pediatric Imaging in 2008 and includes dissemination of information on pediatric CT dose reduction among the various medical specialties that refer patients for CT exams |
| Image Wisely Campaign | campaign created by the Joint Task Force in collaboration with the AAPM and the ASRT with the objectives of lowering the amount of radiation used in medically necessary imaging studies and eliminating unnecessary procedures |
| ionizing radiation | radiation that produces positively and negatively charged particles (ions) when passing through matter |
| milligray (mGy) | SI unit of absorbed dose and a subunit of gray (Gy) |
| milliroentgens (mR) | SI unit of exposure and a subunit of the roentgen (R) |
| millisievert (mSv) | SI unit of effective dose and a subunit of the sievert (Sv) |
| Optimization for Radiation Protection (ORP) | a term synonymous with ALARA; a rationale that using radiation "as low as reasonably achievable" is the most important role of a health care facility's personnel radiation control program |
| Pause and Pulse Image Gently in Fluoroscopy Campaign | campaign of the Image Gently Alliance to provide radiologic technologists a full understanding of the safe operation of fluoroscopic devices on pediatric patients |
| radiation | energy that passes from one location to another; a transfer of energy that results from either a change occurring naturally within an atom or a process caused by the interaction of a particle with an atom |
| radiation protection | effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radation |
| reference values | values for procedures that are usually based upon large-scale surveys of actual measurements of x-ray machines in hospitals |
| risk | the probability of injury, ailment, or death resulting from an activity |
| Sievert (Sv) | the SI unit of measure for the radiation quantities, equivalent dose and effect dose; it is the product of the absorbed dose and the radiation weighting factor |
| What are the three cardinal principles of radiation protection? | time, distance and shielding |
| True or False: X-rays can be deflected from their paths by either electric or magnetic fields. | False (x-rays are classified as neutral and cannot be deflected from their paths by either electric or magnetic fields) |
| True or False: Creation of highly reactive free molecules (called free radicals) are capable of producing substances poisonous to the cell and is deemed a consequence of ionization in human cells. | True |
| True or False: The BERT method is a radiation quantity that can be used to provide patients with direct answers about radiation. | False (BERT is not a radiation quantity. It is a method of explaining radiation to the public and is considered a comparison.) |
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