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Reproductive Ch 51
Lewis Ch 51 Reproductive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the boy and girl primary reproductive organs or gonads. | testes and ovaries |
| What are the primary functions of the gonads? | secretion of hormones and production gametes (ova and sperm) |
| What is the function of the secondary reproductive organs? | transportation, and nourishment of the gametes and preservation and protection of the fertilized egg. |
| What are the three primary roles of the male reproductive system? | Production and transportation of sperm, deposition of sperm in the female reproductive tract, secretion of hormones |
| What are the secondary reproductive organs in the male? | Ducts, sex glands, and external genitalia |
| Name the male ducts (4 ). | epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra |
| Name the male sex glands. | prostrate gland, Cowper’s gland, and seminal vesicle |
| Name the male external genitalia. | penis and scrotum |
| Where are the testes located? | in the scrotum |
| Where are seminiferous tubules located, what are they, what do they do? | coiled structures within the testes that form spermatozoa |
| What are the coiled structures within the testes that form spermatozoa called? | seminiferous tubules |
| What is the process of sperm production called? | spermatogenesis |
| What is spermatogenesis? | the process of sperm production. |
| Where are interstitial cells located and what do they do? | in between the seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone |
| Where is testosterone produced? | in the spaces between the seminfierous tubules by interstitial cells |
| Give the route sperm take from the testes to outside the body. | from seminiferous tubules to epididymis to ductus deferens to seminal vesicles to ejaculatory duct to urethra |
| What is located on the posterior-superior aspect of each testes? | epididymis |
| How long is the epididymis uncoiled? | twenty foot |
| What is the function of the epidymis? | to transport sperm as they become mature |
| Which duct passes downward through the prostate gland, connecting with the urethra? | the ejaculatory duct |
| What are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system? | seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper’s (bulbourethral) gland |
| What is the function of the accessory glands of the male reproductive system? | produce and secrete seminal fluid (semen), which surrounds the sperm and forms the ejaculate |
| What lies posterior to the bladder and fuses to the ductus deferens? | seminal vesicles |
| What structure is found below the bladder with its posterior surface in contact with the rectal wall? | the prostate gland |
| What is the normal size of the prostate gland? | 2cm to 3cm long |
| What gland is found below the prostate gland on either side and slightly posterior to the urethra? | the Cowper’s gland |
| What are the three primary functions of the female reproductive system? | production of ova, secretion of hormones, protection and facilitation of the development of the fetus in a pregnant female |
| List the secondary female reproductive organs. | fallopian tubes, the uterus, the vagina, sex glands (Bartholin’s glands and breasts) and the external genitalia (vulva). |
| What is the function of the ovaries? | ovulation and secretion of estrogen and progesterone |
| What female organ is located on either side of the uterus just behind and below the fallopian tubes? | ovaries |
| What is found in the outer zone of the ovaries? | follicles with germ cells or oocytes |
| What is the function of the follicles? | nourish and protect the ova until maturity |
| What is the process of atresia? | most of the primordial follicles become smaller and are reabsorbed by the body |
| How many follicles are little girls born with? | 2 million to 4 million |
| How many follicles are left at menarche? | 300,000 to 400,000 |
| What is the average number of oocytes released by ovulation during the reproductive years of a healthy woman? | less than 500 |
| What stimulates ovulation? | follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone |
| Where does fertilization usually take place? | in the outer 1/3 of the fallopian tube |
| How long after an ovum is released can it be fertilized? | up to 72 hour after |
| What female organ is about 12 cm in length and attached to the superior lateral borders of the uterus? | the fallopian tubes |
| What female organ is hollow, pear-shaped, muscular, and located between the bladder and the rectum? | uterus |
| What does nulliparous mean? | Never pregnant |
| What is the size of the uterus in a nallipairous woman? | 6-8 cm long by 4 cm wide |
| List the layers of the uterine wall from the inside out. | endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium |
| What is the outer serosal layer of the uterus called? | perimetrium |
| What is the muscular layer of the uterus called? | myometrium |
| What is the inner mucosal layer of the uterus called? | endometrium |
| Name the three parts of the uterus. | Fundus, body, and cervix |
| What part makes up 80% of the uterus? | the body |
| What part makes up 15 to 20% of the uterus in a nulliparous female? | the cervix |
| What is the name for the part of the cervix that extends into the vaginal canal? | ectocervix |
| What is the canal in the opening of the cervix called? | endocervix |
| What kind of cells cover the ectocervix giving it a smooth pink appearance? | squamous epithelial cells |
| What kind of cells cover the endocervix? | columnar epithelial cells |
| Where are the optimal type of cells for a papanicolaou (Pap) test located? | at the squamocolumnar junction |
| What are the roads in the sperm highway? | epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra |
| What are the adnexa of the ovaries? | ovaries and tubes |
| What mucus is produced by the cervix under the influence of estrogen and what does it do? | Spinnbarkeit facilitates the passage of sperm into the uterus. |
| What mucus produced in the cervix under the influence of progesterone blocks the entry of sperm? | Postovulatory mucus |
| What is the anterior and posterior peritoneal covering of the uterus called? | the broad ligament |
| What does the broad ligament do and not do? | It separates the uterus form the bladder and the rectum but does not provide support. |
| What is the perineum? | the area between the external genitalia and the anus |
| What is the vestibule? | the boat-shaped fossa between the labia minora extending from the clitoris at the anterior end to the vaginal opening at the posterior end |
| The pigmented center of the breast | areola |
| Name three organs that secrete hormones related to reproduction. | hypothalamus, pituitary gland, gonads |
| What are the functions of hormones related to reproduction? | These hormones regulate the processes of ovulation, spermatogenesis, fertilization, the formation and function of the secondary sex characteristics, and cyclic changes in the ovaries |
| What hormones come from gonads? | estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone |
| Which hormone comes from the hypothalamus that is related to reproduction? | gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) |
| What does GnRh do? | Stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete its hormones including FSH and LH. |
| What is Leutinizing Hormone called in males? | interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) |
| What is the function of FSH in women? | stimulates the growth and maturity of the ovarian follicles necessary for ovuation. |
| What “turns off” the secretion of FSH in women? | The mature follicle produces estrogen which suppresses the release of follicle stimulating hormone. |
| Where does inhibin come from and what does it do? | inhibin is secreted by the ovarian follicle and inhibits both GnRH and FSH |
| What is the role of FSH in men? | FSH stimulates the seminiferous tubules to produce sperm |
| What hormone causes follicles to complete maturation and undergo ovulation and causes the development of a ruptured follicle ? | Leutinizing hormone |
| What affect does leutinizing hormone have on follicles? | It causes the follicle to complete maturation and undergo ovulation and causes the rupture of follicles. |
| What becomes of the ruptured follicle? | It becomes a corpus luteum |
| What does the corpus luteum secrete? | progesterone |
| What affect does progesterone have one the uterus? | Progesterone maintains the rich vascular state of the uterus (secretory phase) in preparation for fertilization and implantation. |
| What affect does Leutinizing Hormone or Interstitial Cell-Stimulating hormone have on sperm? | ICSH is responsible for the production of testosterone by the interstitial cells of the testes and thus is essential for the full maturation of sperm. |
| _________ has no know function in men. | Prolactin |
| What is the role of prolactin in women? | It stimulates the development and growth of the ammary glands. During lactation, it initiates and maintains milk production. |
| Where are the hormones estrogen and progesterone produced in women? | in the ovaries |
| A little bit of estrogen precursor is made where in women? | adrenal cortices |
| Where is estrogen mostly produced in men? | adrenal cortex |
| What is the role of estrogen in men? | Dunno |
| What does estrogen do in women? | Develops and maintains the secondary sex characteristics, the proliferative phases of the menstrual cycle immediately after menstruation, and the uterine changes essential to pregnancy. |
| What does progesterone do in women? | Maintain the implanted egg, major role in secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, involved in the bodily changes associated with pregnancy (like preparing the mammary glands for milk secretion), High levels inhibit secretion of GnRH and LH |
| What is the role of testosterone in reproduction? | it responsible for the development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics (like deep voice and hairy chests) and adequate spermatogenesis |
| Females make a little bit of what hormones in the adrenal cortex and ovaries? | androgens |
| How are the circulating levels of hormones mostly regulated? | by negative feedback systems |
| In men what happens if the receptors in the hypothalamus and and pituitary notice that the levels of testosterone circulating in the blood are low? | The hypothalamus is stimulated to release Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), which makes the pituitary gland release Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)/Insterstitial Cell-Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) |
| What happens in women when the hypothalamus notices that the estrogen levels are too high or too low? | The hypothalamus release GnRH, which stimulates the pituitary to release LH and FSH |
| What happens in women when the hypothalamus notices that the estrogen levels are medium? | Moderate levels of estrogen inhibit secretion of GnRH and FSH and LH |
| When is test 2? | Thursday, April First |
| How many days till spring break? | on Friday the 19th we have 2 weeks to go, if its Sat./20th then 13, 21st=12days to go, 22th=11 days, 23rd=10 days, 24th=9 days, 25th=8, 26th=7, 27th=6, 28th=5, 29th=4, 30th=3, 31st=2, April first is Test 2 and spring break starts the next day. |
| What is the first episode of menstrual bleeding? | Menarche |
| What indicates that a female has reached puberty? | Menarche |
| What are the earliest and latest ages for the average onset of menarche? | 9-16 years of age |
| What is the average age for menarche? | 12-13 years of age |
| What is the effect of anovulatory cycles during the first couple of years of menstruation? | Cycles may be irregular. Anovulatory=cycles without ovulation |
| Breast buds, pubic hair, and axillary hair develop when and why? | As puberty approaches elevated rates of estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the ovaries leading the changes in the body. |
| What results from the decreased sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in young adolescent girls? | It allows for increased secretion of FSH and LH and a resultant increase in estrogen. |
| What do we mean when we say gonadatropin secretion? | gonadotropins - luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, produced by the pituitary gland. |
| When does the adult pattern of gonadotropin secretions set in for girls? | the onset of the menstrual cycle, puberty, about 12-13 years of age |
| What are the major functions of the ovaries? | Ovulation and secretion of hormones |
| A monthly process associated with ovulation mediated by the hormonal activity of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries? | Menstrual cycle |
| What happens every month when an egg is not fertilized? | menstruation |
| How many phases in the endometrial cycle and what are they? | 1. Proliferative/Follicular Phase 2. Secretory/Luteal Phase 3. Menstrual/Ischemic Phase |
| What is the range of the menstrual cycle and the average? | The cycle ranges from 20 to 40 days. The average is 28 days. |
| What marks the beginning of the menstrual cycle? | the first day of menstruation |
| What is the normal time frame for menstruation and the range? | Usually menstruation last form 3-7 days to 2-8 days. The pattern is fairly consistent but wide variations exist. |
| During menstruation what are the estrogen, progesterone and FSH levels like? | Estrogen and progesterone cycles are low, but FSH levels are beginning to increase |
| What mechanism ensures that only one follicle matures? | Dunno |
| During which stage does a single follicle reach maturity under the stimulation of FSH? | the follicular phase |
| What happens during the follicular phase? | a single follicle reaches maturity under the stimulation of FSH |
| What does the mature follicle have to do with decreased FSH secretion? | The mature follicle stimulates estrogen production causing a negative feedback with resulting decreased FSH secretion. |
| What hormone starts the maturation of the follicle? | Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH |
| Which hormone is responsible for the completion of Follicle maturation and ovulation? | Luteinizing hormone LH |
| About what day in the menstrual cycle do estrogen levels peak? | about the 12th day |
| What happens in response to the peak estrogen levels on about the 12th day? | There is a surge in Luteinizing Hormone, which triggers ovulation a day or two later. |
| What initiates ovulation in during the menstrual cycle? | about the 12th day estrogen levels peak resulting in a surge of LH which triggers ovulation a day or two later. |
| What is the maturation and release of an ovum called? | ovulation |
| What hormone promotes the development of a corpus luteum and what was it before it was a corpus luteum? | Luteinizing Hormone causes the ruptured follicle to become a corpus luteum. |
| What hormones are secreted by the corpus luteum? | The fully developed corpus luteum continues to secrete estrogen and initiates progesterone secretion. |
| What turns the secretion of estrogen and progesterone on or off? | If fertilization takes place Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) keeps the corpus luteum secreting estrogen and progesterone. Without fertilization, secretions decrease and menstruation follows. |
| During what phase does the uterine lining begin to have an increase in the cellular growth, length of blood vessels and glandular tissue? | During the follicular stage. |
| What makes the endometrial lining begin to thicken up? | Increased levels of estrogen |
| What marks the beginning of the Secretory or Luteal Phase of menstruation? | ovulation and the resulting increased levels of Luteinizing Hormone |
| What happens to the blood vessels of the endometrial lining during the beginning of the Secretory or Luteal Phase of menstruation? | They begin to coil increasing the surface area of vascular supply. |
| What happens to the glandular tissues of the endometrial lining during the beginning of the Secretory/Luteal Phase of menstruation? | It matures and secretes a glycogen rich substance. The glands dilate. |
| What happens to the endometrial blood supply and lining if fertilization does not occur? | Without fertilization the secretion levels of the corpus luteum decrease. The blood vessels contract and the lining begins to slough off (beginning the menstrual phase). |
| How much have we got to go when we get back from spring break? | 3 weeks and a final on May 3rd and Adult 1 is done! |
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Perseverandovercome
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