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RCP 125 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Respiratory inductance plethysmography measures what? | Tidal volume |
| Advantages of a mainstream capnometer- | Sensor at patient airway Fast response (crisp waveform) Short lag time (real-time readings) No sample flow to reduce tidal volume· |
| Impendance pneumography measures what | Respiratory rate and excursion |
| Pulse oximetry uses ____ to non-invasively measure saturation | Spectrophotometery |
| How to get an accurate pulse oximeter reading from patients? | Reduce patient motion, reduce light around the probe, make sure patient is warm, remove nail polish, switch probe sites, |
| What is this equation? What does it tell us? Sp O2 (%) = HbO 2/(HbO 2 + Hb)x100 | SPo2 measuring the percentage of HbO2 relative to the sum of HbO2 and Hb Functional saturation |
| Perfusion index | ratio of the pulsatile blood flow to the nonpulsatitle or static blood in peripheral tissue |
| PEEP | positive end expiratory pressure, common mechanical vent setting where airway pressure is maintained above atmospheric pressure |
| Capnometery | measures the concentration of carbon dioxide exhaled from lungs |
| Mass spectrometer | An instrument capable of measuring all respiratory gases, including respiratory and anesthetic gases, breath by breath. |
| Capnography | can be useful for detecting esophageal intubation, adequacy of chest compressions, and return of spontaneous circulation during CPR |
| Respiratory inductance plethysmography | A method for indirectly measuring tidal volume, in which sensors use a circuit of coiled wire woven into an elastic band and excited by an AC current. |
| Regarding CO2 detectors, what does yellow indicate? | ET tube is in the right place, CO2 is present |
| Regarding CO2 detectors, what does purple indicate? | ET tube is not in the right place, CO2 is not present |
| What is PETCO2? | Partial pressure of end tidal carbon dioxide |
| Vesicular | Normal breath sounds |
| Bronchovesicular | Normal breath sounds heard over main bronchus area and upper right posterior lung field |
| What does JVD tell us? | Right sided heart failure, Cor pulmonale |
| Flail chest | describing the appearance of a thorax with multiple rib fractures on one side of the chest or two or more rib, which lead to instability of the chest wall |
| Lordosis | Backward curvature of the spine |
| Subcutaneous emphysema | The presence of air in the subcutaneous tissues of the neck, chest, and face |
| Diaphragmatic excursion | movement of the thoracic diaphragm during breathing, The difference in posterior, dependent resonance between maximum inhalation and maximum exhalation |
| Chief complaint | Reason the patient came into the hospital |
| Vital signs | Pulse, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. Gives a baseline of how the patient is doing |
| OLD CART | Onset, location, duration, character, associated manifestations, relieving manifestations, and treatment |
| Point of maximal impulse | The relatively small left ventricular apex comprises the area where the left ventricle protrudes from behind the right ventricle |
| Ramsay sedation scale | Divides patients level of sedation into 6 categories |
| Richmond agitation sedation scale | Used to assess alertness and agitation in the ICU patients |
| Glasgow coma scale | To assess the patient’s neurologic status. This scale uses a numeric scoring method to document eye-opening, verbal response, and integrated motor response. Scores range from 3 points, suggests brain death, to 15 points, indicates full consciousness |
| Flat percussion sound | no air is present, soft, high pitched, and of short duration |
| Scoliosis | Sideways curvature of the spine |
| Tympanic percussion sound | air-filled, loud and drum-like, with a high pitch |
| Resonant percussion sound | normal air-filled lung, loud, low in pitch, and of long duration |
| Dull percussion sound | medium intensity, pitch, and duration |
| Barrel chest | A chest configuration in which the diameter of the individual’s anteroposterior chest is equal to the lateral diameter |
| Pectus excavatum | breastbone sinks inside chest, a funnel-shaped sternum, describes a sternum that is depressed and deviated somewhat like a funnel |
| Kyphosis | Forward curvature of the spine |
| Signs | Objective, measurable, assessed values |
| Symptoms | Subjective, patient description, measured by patient perception |
| Primary symptoms of cardiopulmonary disorders | Cough, sputum production, hemoptysis, SOA, chest pain |
| Stimulation of receptors of cough | Pharynx, larynx, trachea, large bronchi, lung and visceral pleura |
| Potential causes of cough | Inflammatory, Mechanical, Obstructive, Airway wall tension, Chemical, Temperature, Ear |
| Phases of cough | Irritation, Inspiration, Compression, Expulsion |
| Afferent | bring information about the different parts of the body to the central nerves system. |
| Efferent | carry the commands given by the central nervous system to the various parts of the body |
| Reduced effectiveness of cough | Weakness of inspiratory or expiratory muscles, Inability of the glottis to open or close correctly, Obstruction, collapsibility, or alteration in shape or contours of the airways, Decrease in lung recoil and Abnormal quantity of mucus production |
| Paroxysm | A violent attack |
| Associated symptoms of cough | Wheezing, Stridor, Chest pain, Dyspnea |
| 6 different descriptors of sputum | Color, Quantity, Consistency, Odor, Time of day, Presence of blood |
| Clear, colorless sputum | Normal, no infections |
| Black sputum | Smoke or coal dust inhalation |
| Brownish sputum | Cigarette smoker |
| Frothy, white or pink sputum | Pulmonary edema |
| Sand, or small stone sputum | Aspiration of foreign material, broncholithiasis |
| Purulent sputum | Infection, pneumonia |
| Apple green, thick sputum | Haemophilus influenzae |
| Pink, thn, blood streaked sputum | Streptococci, stahylococci |
| Red currant jelly sputum | Klebsiella species |
| Rusty sputum | pneumococci |
| Yellow or green, copious sputum | Pseudomonas species pneumonia, advanced chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis |
| Foul odor (fetid) sputum | Lung abscess, aspiration, anaerobic infections, bronchiectasis |
| Causes of hemoptysis | Bronchopulmonary (damage to lungs from mechanical ventilation or excess oxygen), Cardiovascular, Hematologic, Systemic disorders, Tuberculosis or fungal infections |
| Hematemesis | Vomited blood |
| Most important factor that limits patient's ability to function | Dyspnea |
| Cardinal symptom of cardiac disease | Shortness of Breath |
| Typical makeup of a COPD patient | Generally over 40, smoker or nonsmoker, presentation with: cough, excessive sputum production, shortness of breath, dyspnea is the reason most pts seek medical attention |
| Shortness of breath: None | No breathlessness except with exercise 0 |
| Shortness of breath: Slight | Troubled by shortness of breath when hurrying on the level or walking up a slight hill 1 |
| Shortness of breath: Moderate | Walks more slowly than people of the same age on the level because of breathlessness or has to stop for breath when walking at own pace on the level 2 |
| Shortness of breath: Severe | Stops for breath after walking about 100 yards or after a few minutes on the level 3 |
| Shortness of breath: Very Severe | Too breathless to leave the house; breathless when dressing or undressing 4 |
| Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND) | Sudden dyspnea when sleeping in recumbent position, Associated with coughing, Sign of left heart failure (CHF) |
| Orthopnea | Dyspnea when lying down, Associated with left heart failure |
| Trepopnea | Dyspnea when lying on one side, Unilateral lung disease, pleural effusion |
| Platypnea | Dyspnea in upright position |
| Orthodeoxia | Hypoxemia in upright position, relieved by returning to a recumbent position |
| Apnea | Absence of spontaneous ventilation |
| Dyspnea | Unpleasant awareness of difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, or breathlessness |
| Eupnea | Normal rate and depth of breathing |
| Bradypnea | Less than normal rate of breathing |
| Tachypnea | Rapid rate of breathing |
| Hypopnea | Decreased depth of breathing |
| Hypernea | Increased depth of breathing with or without an increased rate |
| Hyperventilation | Increased alveolar ventilation caused by an increased rate or increased depth of breathing or both |
| Hypoventilation | Decreased alveolar ventilation caused by a decreased rate or decreased depth of breathing or both |
| Air hunger | A grave sign associated with extreme shortness of breath, indicating the need for immediate treatment |
| Causes of chest pain | Cardiac ischemia, Inflammatory disorders of thorax, abdomen, Musculoskeletal disorders, trauma, anxiety, Referred pain from indigestion, dissecting aortic aneurysm |
| Causes of syncope | Thrombosis, embolism, atherosclerotic obstruction Pulmonary: embolism, bouts of coughing, hypoxia, hypocapnia |
| Angina | chest pain or discomfort due to coronary artery disease |
Created by:
K.Moskowitz
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