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Ap HUG Unit 4
Political vocab ;)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| state | a politically organized independent territory with a government, defined borders, and a permanent population—in short, a country. |
| sovereignty | is the right of a government to control and defend its territory and determine what happens within its borders. |
| nations | nations are cultural entities, meaning that they are made up of individuals who have forged a common identity through a shared language, religion, ethnicity, or heritage. often all four of these. |
| nation-state | the territory occupied by a group who view themselves as a nation is the same as the politically recognized boundaries of the state they call their own. ex.) japan |
| multistate nation | people who share a cultural or ethnic background but live in more than one country. ex) Ethnic russians bc some of them live outside russia. |
| irrdentism | attempting to acquire territories in neighboring states inhabited by people of the same nation. ex) Russia trying to take over Ukraine |
| multinational state | A country with various ethnicities and cultures living inside its borders. ex) Iraq. it can cause conflict sometimes bc of its centrifugal forces |
| autonomous/semiautonomous | they are given some authority to govern their own territories independently from the national government. |
| stateless nation | people united by culture, language, history, and tradition but not possessing a state. ex) Basques in Spain |
| territoriality | “attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area.” |
| colonialism | practice of claiming and dominating overseas territories. |
| neocolonialism | endures in the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies. |
| choke point | a narrow, strategic passageway to another place through which it is difficult to pass. |
| shatterbelts | states form, join, and break up because of ongoing, sometimes violent, conflicts among parties and because they are caught between the interests of more powerful outside states. |
| self-determination | the right of all people to choose their own political status. |
| imperialism | push to create an empire by exercising force or influence to control other nations or peoples. |
| devolution | occurs when the central power in a state is broken up among regional authorities within its borders. |
| defining boundaries | countries explicitly state in legally binding documentation such as a treaty where their borders are located, using reference points such as natural features or lines of latitude and longitude. |
| delimiting boundaries | drawing them on a map in accordance with a legal agreement, as the United States did in its 1848 treaty with Mexico. |
| demarcated boundaries | physical objects such as stones, pillars, walls, or fences. |
| administer boundaries | manage the way they are maintained and how goods and people will cross them. |
| administer boundaries | manage the way they are maintained and how goods and people will cross them. |
| antecedent boundaries | established before many people settle into an area. ex) boundary between america and canada |
| subsequent boundaries | drawn in areas that have been settled by people and where cultural landscapes already exist or are in the process of being established. |
| consequent boundary | a type of subsequent boundary. Consequent boundaries take into account the differences that exist within a cultural landscape, separating groups that have distinct languages, religions, ethnicities, or other traits. |
| superimposed boundaries | drawn over existing accepted borders, by an outside or conquering force. ex) Africa after berlin conference |
| geometric boundaries | mathematical and typically follow lines of latitude and longitude, or are straight-line arcs between two points, instead of following physical and cultural features. ex) utah and colorado |
| relics | These borders illustrate how the control and management of geographic space changes over time as a result of different circumstances. ex) boundary between east and west germany |
| United nations convention on the law of the sea (UNCLOS) | established the structure of maritime boundaries, stating that a country’s territorial seas extend 12 nautical miles off its coast and that its exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extends 200 nautical miles from its coast. |
| unitary state | more power is held by a central government that maintains authority over all of the state’s territory, its regional units, and its people. |
| federal state | power is held by regional units, such as the states of the United States or the provinces of Canada. These political units typically have their own governments that maintain some autonomy and hold substantial power. |
| concurrent | federal government and state government shared powers. |
| reapportionment | in which seats in the House of Representatives are reallocated to different states. |
| electoral college | a set of people—called electors—who are chosen to elect the president. |
| redistricting | During redistricting, a state’s internal political boundaries that determine voting districts for the U.S. House of Representatives and the state’s legislature are redrawn to accurately reflect the new census data. |
| gerrymandering | The party that controls a majority of seats in the state legislature typically draws legislative maps with a partisan advantage that favors their party over any other. |
| najority-minority districts | districts where the minorities made up the majority of voters |
| ethnic separatism | occurs when people of a particular ethnicity in a multinational state identify more strongly as members of their ethnic group than as citizens of the state. ex) basques in spain. |
| ethnic cleansing | state government may attack the ethnic group and try to eliminate it through expulsion, imprisonment, or killing. ex) rihingya in myanmar |
| supranational organization | an alliance of three or more states that work together in pursuit of common goals or to address an issue or challenge that these countries share. ex) united nations, nato |
| economies of scale | Through supranationalism, countries can increase trade and bargaining power and create economies of scale, where more goods and services can be produced for less money on average. |
| ethnonationalism | when the people of a country identify as having one common ethnicity, religion, and language. |
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