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AP HUG UNIT 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Culture | Body of materials, customary beliefs, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group or people. |
| Material Culture | The material manifestation of culture, including tools, housing, systems of land use, clothing, etc. |
| Nonmaterial Culture | beliefs, traditions, celebration, thoughts, values and ideas of a group (religion, morals, attitudes, etc) |
| Cultural Relativism | the culture should be judged based on its own standards, not based on another culture. (viewing a culture fairly without being biased) |
| Ethnocentrism | Judging other cultures based on the rules of your culture ( a person thinks another culture is wrong because of their own beliefs) |
| Taboo | something that is forbidden by a culture or a religion, sometimes so forbidden that it is often not even discussed |
| Cultural landscapes | the forms superimposed on the physical environment by the activities of humans. Example: Street lights, rice fields, churches, cemeteries, etc |
| Ethnic Neighborhoods | Neighborhood, district or suburb which retains some cultural distinction from a larger surrounding area. |
| Indigenous people | a culture group that constitutes the original inhabitants of a territory, distinct from the dominant national culture, which is often derived from colonial occupation |
| Indigenous community | is the community of indigenous people living together working to keep their culture alive |
| Sense of place | a strong feeling of identity that is deeply felt by inhabitants and visitors of a location |
| Religion: | the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods (Church and Mosque) |
| Ethnicity | the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition. (China Town) |
| Gender | For our purposes in class, it refers to the cultural differences in how men are treated differently than women |
| Relocation Diffusion | A form of diffusion where the ideas being diffused are transmitted by their carriers as they migrate to new areas |
| Expansion Diffusion | The spread of an idea through a population in a way that the number of those influenced becomes continuously larger. Includes contagious, hierarchical, and stimulus diffusion. |
| Contagious Diffusion | Transmission of a phenomenon through close contact with nearby places, like diseases. |
| Hierarchical Diffusion | An idea spreads by passing first among the most connected individuals, then spreading to other individuals (large connected cities to other large connected cities, then to smaller connected cities) EX: Celebrities,governments |
| Stimulus Diffusion | diffusion in which one people receives a culture element from another but gives it a new and unique form. EX: Mcdonalds in India have no beef bc of their beliefs |
| Creole or creolized language | a language that began as a combination of two other languages and is spoken as the primary language of a group of people |
| Lingua Franca: | mutually understood & commonly used by people who have different native languages |
| Colonialism | an effort by one country to establish settlement in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on that territory |
| Imperialism | The policy of extending a country’s influence through political or military force to areas already developed by an indigenous people. |
| Globalization | World interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology |
| Media in Globalization | exposure to western television and movies to the world |
| Technological changes in Globalization | exposure to cell phones, YouTube, twitter, and the internet |
| Politics in Globalization | Democracies and democratic ideals being spread and exposed to places around the world has encouraged and driven places to pursue more political equality (Arab Spring) |
| Economics in Globalization | through trade and globalization economics |
| Social Relation ships in Globalization | through globalization there has been tremendous push for equal rights for women and the role women play in traditional societies has been altered |
| Time-Space Convergence: | The decline in travel time between geographical locations as a result of transportation, communication, and related technological and social innovations |
| Cultural Convergence | Different cultures acquire common ideas, products, and traits, becoming more similar. |
| Cultural Divergence | Different parts of a cultural region are exposed to different influences and become dissimilar. |
| Indigenous language | a language that is native to a region and spoken by indigenous people |
| Language extinction | a language that is no longer spoken by anyone as their native language |
| Language family | a collection of languages that are all descended from an original, proto-language Indo-European Family |
| Nomadic Warrior Theory | language diffused through nomadic movement/conquest (hierarchical diffusion) |
| Sedentary Farmer Theory | language diffused through farmers relocating (relocation diffusion) |
| Ethnic religion | a religion that is focused on a single ethnic group (often in a centralized area) that doesn't attempt to appeal to all people. Example: Hinduism and Judaism -- (diffused through relocation diffusion) |
| Universalizing religion | a religion that attempts to appeal to all people and has a worldwide focus as opposed to a regional focus Example: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Sikhism --- (diffused through hierarchical and relocation diffusion) |
| Pilgrimage | A journey for religious purposes to a place considered sacred |
| Acculturation | adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another |
| Assimilation | the process of a person or group losing the cultural traits that made them distinct from the people around them |
| Multiculturalism | when various ethnic groups coexist with one another without having to sacrifice their particular identities |
| Syncretism | the blending traits from two different cultures to form a new trait |
| Reverse Hierarchical | Diffusion from a small city to a large city |
| Language Branch | Collection of languages that share a common origin from thousands of years ago. They were separated from other languages in their family and now are distinctive although related. |
| Romance Branch | Includes languages like Spanish, Portuguese, French and Italian. |
| Germanic Branch | Includes languages such as German, English, and Dutch. |
| Language Group | Collection of languages that share a more recent past with similar vocabularies and some overlap. |
| Dialects | Variation of a standard language distinguished by differences in vocabulary and word choice, pronunciation, speed, and spelling. Smallest amount of speakers - develop due to migrations and isolation from original language. |
| Isogloss | A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs. Lines that divide dialects. |
| Kurgan Warrior Theory | Indo-European language first diffused from a hearth located in modern Russia/Ukraine around 1,000 B.C.E. The Kurgans, who were nomadic warriors conquered their way through Europe and South Asia and spread language. |
| Christianity Diffusion | Contagious,Hierarchical,Relocation Diffusion (Contagious- Small group of followers of Jesus Christ traveled through the Mediterranean & spread Christianity Hierarchical- Basically took over other religions in other places and forced people to convert |
| Islam Diffusion | Contagious, Hierarchical, Muhammad directly taught people in the Arabian Pennisula & spread Islam.Muslim traders through India and into Indonesia. |
| Buddhism Diffsuion | Contagious, Hierarchical Buddha traveled throughout the region and spread Buddhism.Buddhist missionaries traveled through East and Southeast Asia to spread the philosophy of Buddha both before and after Emperor Ashoka’s reign. Buddhist traders |
| Christianity Diffusion pt 2 | Relocation Relocation- Imperialism and colonization facilitated the spread Christianity through a combination of missionary activity as well as colonizers from Europe that influenced rulers in Africa and Southeast Asia to convert their people. |
| Islam Diffusion pt 2 | Hierarchical Muslim empires spread throughout South Asia into India and through North Africa through military conquest.Islamic intellectuals in major cities influenced the populations to convert as well. |
| Buddhism Diffusion pt 2 | Hierarchical Emperor Ashoka who ruled much of South Asia converted to Buddhism and spread throughout his empire. |
| Hinduism & Judaism Diffusion | Relocation |
| Fundamentalist Landscapes | All buildings are based on religion |
| Secular Landscapes | Has no real connection to religion (ex-Paris) |
| Christianity buildings | crosses |
| Catholic buildings | looking more old |
| Protestant buildings | really bland |
| Islamic buildings | Giant domes (those circle things) Big spirals that are not connected to the buildings |
| Hindu temples | Have sort some of layering and hindu gods Small temples |
| Buddhist temples | Have upturned corners small buildings |
| Shinto temples | Has gates, a tori, |
| Toponym | Name of a place |
Created by:
JuliR
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