Help
Options
Question
What are the nerve tissues?
click to flip
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't know
Question
What is white matter?
Remaining cards (95)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Neuro 1010
Adult nursing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the nerve tissues? | White Matter and Grey Matter |
| What is white matter? | Neuronal axons covered with myelin sheath |
| What is grey matter? | Contains cell bodies, dendrites and axon terminals |
| What is myelin? | Fatty sheaths wrapped around nerve fibers- insulator and accelerator of impulse conduction |
| What does a neurotransmitter do? | Communicate messages to a neuron or specific target issue. |
| What can happen from a neurotransmitter imbalance? | Neurological disorders |
| Where are neurotransmitters made and stored? | In the Synapse |
| Why can a neurotransmitter do? | Can potentiate, terminate, or modulate a specific action or can excite or inhibit a target cell. |
| There are two types of neurotransmitters, What are they? | Excitatory and Inhibitory |
| What is excitatory? | A glutamate, acetylcholine-major transmitter of the PNS, norepinephrine major transmitter of the PNS |
| What is Inhibitory? | Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Dopamine will affect the behavior and fine movement. Serotonin will help control mood and sleep, also inhibits pain pathways. |
| What is Circle of Willis? | Arterial circulation of the brain. |
| Where does venous blood flow occur ? | Through the dural sinuses found between the dura mater and the brain. |
| What areas are affected by an ischemic stroke? | Basilar artery, posterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, vertebral artery |
| What does the acronym BEFAST stand for? | Balance, Eyes, Facial droop, Arms, Speech problems, Time |
| Should you call 911 even if symptoms get better? | YES! |
| What is the percentage of Ischemic strokes and what does it affect? | 87%, Large vessel, small vessel (lacunar), embolic, and cryptogenic |
| What is the percentage of Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)- Hemorrhagic stroke? | 13 %, Intra-cerebral hematoma (ICH), Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) |
| What are some stroke terms? | APHASIA-speech difficulty, APRAXIA-difficulty with skilled movement, HEMIANOPIA-loss of sight in over half of vision, DYSPHAGIA- difficulty swallowing |
| What are some safety problems with stroke patients? | High fall risk, aspiration, lack of knowledge, psychological, communication, activities of daily living |
| What is an Ischemic Stroke? | A brain attack |
| What are some risk factors associated with Ischemic stroke? | Hypertension, cigarette smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes, alcoholism, lack of physical exercise, cardiac dysrhythmias, drugs, oral contraceptive, hyper coagulability |
| What are some non-modifiable risk factors associated with Ischemic stroke? | History of stroke, Family history of stroke, older age, ethnicity, gender. |
| In what ways can we diagnose a stroke? | Computerized tomography (CT) scan, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Doppler-Ultrasound of the carotid arteries. Cerebral angiography, Echocardiography-TTA, TEE, Late tests-Glucose, PT, PTT, Plt. ct and other tests for hyper coagulability |
| What are some nursing interventions-POST STROKE? | Serial neurological assessments, VS increase intracranial pressure, oral hygiene protocols, dysphagia screening, feeding (enteral) diet, DVT prophylaxis, Depression screening, skin assessments, rehab-begins upon admission, patient and family education. |
| What is the normal range for intracranial pressure? | 7-15 |
| What is considered a late sign in neurological assessment? | Vital signs |
| What is increased ICP related to? | Disturbances in fluid balance in the brain. |
| What is Cushing's Triad? | Increased pressure in the brain- bradycardia, irregular respirations and widened pulse pressure. |
| What is Monroe-Kellie hypothesis? | The sum of volumes of brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and intracerebral blood is constant. |
| What does the peripheral nervous system consist of? | Spinal Nerves, Cranial nerves, and autonomic system |
| How many nerves are in the spinal nerves? | 31 pairs |
| How many nerves are in the cranial nerves? | 12 |
| What is in the autonomic nervous system? | Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. |
| What is the breakdown of the 31 pairs in the spinal nerves? | 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal. Dorsal roots, DERMATOMES, and ventral roots |
| What is the blood brain barrier? | The protective structure of the brain |
| What does the blood brain barrier do? | Separates circulating blood volume from extracellular fluid in the brain=filtering system. Also prevents toxic materials from entering the brain. |
| What is cerebral spinal fluid? | A Shock absorber |
| What is the use of the cerebral spinal fluid? | It transports hormones and hormone releasing factors. |
| Where does cranial nerves originate from? | In the brainstem except for the olfactory and optic nerves |
| What is the cranial nerves use? | Transmit signals to receptors in the body |
| What are the cranial nerves? | Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Acoustic, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Hypoglossal, Spinal accessory |
| In the Autonomic nervous system, what does the sympathetic nervous system do? | Receive information from the thoracic and lumbar areas in the spinal cord. Elicits the "fight or flight" response |
| In the Autonomic nervous system, what does the parasympathetic nervous system do? | Receives information from the brainstem or sacral region of the spinal cord. |
| What is a seizure? | epidemiology:Uncontrolled, sudden, excessive discharge of electrical activity |
| What is the result of a seizure? | Range of manifestations from behavior changes to loss of consciousness. |
| Is there a way to explain seizures? | There is no conclusive pathophysiological explanation |
| What is the pathophysiology of seizures? | Genetic or developmental mutation of synapses, Ineffective activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
| What are some clinical manifestations you would expect to see with a patient who has seizures? | Automatisms, Preictal phase, auras, posticital phase, tonic-clonic, episodes of day dreaming and no loss of consciousness, rhythmic jerkiness of all extremities and loss of consciousness |
| What is a tonic seizure? | Grand mal: skeletal muscles contract or tighten in a spasm lasting 3-5 seconds. |
| What is a clonic seizure? | Grand mal, Dysrhythmic (abnormal rhythms), muscular contraction, or jerkiness of legs and arms lasting 2 to 4 minutes. |
| What is a partial seizure? | Involves one half of the brain simple partial- no loss of conscious complex partial- loss of consciousness, client does not recall behavior immediately before, during and immediately after |
| What is an absence seizure? | Formally known as petit mal- brief loss of consciousness, lasting less than 10 seconds, and usually occurs in children. |
| What is a myoclonic seizure? | An isolated clonic contraction or jerks lasting 3 to 10 seconds; involving a minimum of one limb and up to the entire body |
| What are some complications from seizures? | Seizures greater than 5 minutes is a medical emergency. and status epilepticus |
| What complications can happen is a seizure last longer than 30 minutes ? | Respiratory failure, brain damage, and death. |
| What are ways to diagnose Seizures? | Electroencephalogram (EEG), CT, MRI, Laboratory tests |
| What are some nursing interventions for a seizure patient? | Assessment (ABCs, VS, presence of aura, O2), Actions and Teaching (avoid alcohol, no driving, identify triggers, keep follow up appointments) |
| What is Trigeminal Neuralgia? | A chronic pain condition affecting the trigeminal nerve in the face (sensation) |
| What are clinical manifestations of Trigeminal neuralgia? | Pain |
| What are treatments/managements for Trigeminal Neuralgia? | Medications and surgery |
| What are the nursing diagnosis for Trigeminal neuralgia? | Pain, fear, impaired nutrition |
| What are the nursing interventions for Trigeminal neuralgia? | Assessment, actions and teaching |
| What carnival nerve is associated with Bell's palsy? | Cranial Nerve VII (Facial) |
| What is Bell's palsy? | idiopathic facial palsy- temporary facial paralysis or weakness on one side of the face |
| Who is at risk for Bell's palsy? | Anyone |
| How is a patient diagnosed with bells palsy? | Clinical presentation |
| How can you treat a patient with bells palsy? | Oral steroids, protect the eye (blinking, moisture, physical therapy |
| What is NCD due to Alzheimer's Disease? | The most common cause of neurocognitive disorder- onset is slow and insidious- generally progressive and deteriorating |
| What are the stages of Alzheimer's disease? | 1-7, No apparent symptoms,FORGETFULLNESS, Mild cognitive decline, Mild-to-moderate cognitive decline, Moderate cognitive decline, Moderate-to-sever cognitive decline, Severe cognitive decline |
| What are the etiologies included in NCD? | Acetylcholine alterations, Plaques and Tangles, Head trauma and genetic factors |
| What is Parkinson's Disease? | A chronic neurologic disorder that affects the extrapyramidal motor tract that controls posture, balance and locomotion. |
| How does Parkinson's Disease develop? | It develops from deficiency in dopamine neurotransmitters that result in loss in neurons |
| How does Parkinson's Disease occur? | Frequently occurs as an adverse reaction to various drugs, carbon monoxide, manganese, or disorders (encephalitis, stroke, trauma) |
| What leads to the lack of dopamine? | Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons |
| What is Pseudoparkinsonism? | A reversible condition that resembles Parkinsonism- brain disorder causing irregular movements |
| What is Parkinson's? | An imbalance of neurotransmitters (dopamine and acetylcholine ) |
| What are the characteristics of Parkinsons? | Involuntary tremors of the limbs, Rigidity of muscles, Bradykinesia (slow movement), Postural changes (head and chest thrown forward), shuffling walk, lack of facial expressions, Pill-rolling motions of hands |
| What is included in the Central Nervous System? | Brian and spinal cord |
| What is included in the Peripheral Nervous System? | Cranial nerves (12 pairs), Spinal nerves (31 pairs) and Autonomic Nervous System (sympathetic and parasympathetic) |
| The brain consists of what? | The cerebrum (4 loves and 2 hemispheres), The cerebellum and the brainstem |
| What are the brains 4 lobes? | Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal |
| The left side of the cerebrum controls what? | Sensory, motor functions of body's right side |
| The right side of the cerebrum controls what? | Sensory, motor functions of the body's left side. |
| What is the left hemisphere responsible for? | Speech and abstract thinking |
| What is the right hemisphere responsible for? | Spatial thinking or imagery |
| The left side of the brain controls what? | The right side of the body |
| The right side of the brain controls what? | The Left side of the body |
| The Central Nervous System consists of what? | Thalamus, Basial ganglia, Hypothalamus, Limbic System |
| What does the Thalamus relay? | It is the relay center for sensory impulses to cerebral cortex. All sensations except smell |
| What does the basil ganglia regulate? | It regulates movement |
| What is the HYPOTHALAMUS responsible for? | It's the main regulator for the ANS |
| What is the Limbic systems primary role? | Its primary role in memory and emotions |
| What are the 2 types of specialized nerve cells? | Neuroglial cells and neurons |
| What is included in Neuroglial cells? | Astrocytes, Ependymal, Microglia, Oligodendrocytes, Schwann |
| What is included in Neurons? | Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and mixed (sensory and motor neurons) |
Created by:
Felicitylee92
Popular Nursing sets