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BIOL 1030 Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Kingdom Animalia | A. multicellular heterotrophs B. no cell walls C. monophyletic group (evolved from ancestral protist like modern choanoflagellates) |
| Morula | solid ball of cells. follows the zygote stage |
| Blastula | the morula becomes hollow |
| Gastrula | ball folds in to form a hollow sac with one opening, the blastopore. becomes the gut |
| Blastospore | becomes the mouth or anus |
| Subkingdom Parazoa – Phylum Porifera | the sponges. Asymmetrical. Loose Confederation of cells. Most are marine. Free-swimming Larvae. Sessile Adults. Filter Feeders |
| Spongocoel | a sponge body has numerous small pores water comes in through these and moves into the _________ cavity |
| Osculum | the large pore through with water leaves the sponger after being filtered |
| Choanocytes | flagellated collar cells that move water using their flagellae |
| Spicules | skeleton of sponge made of calcium carbonate and sillica |
| Spongin | protein that supports the body of some sponges |
| Sponge Reproduction | 1. splitting - remove part and it often will grow into a new sponge 2. some produce eggs, some sperm |
| Subkingdom Eumetazoa | rest of the animals; definite shape and symmetry (bilateral or radial). Key body plan transition: development of tissues, groups of similar cells organized into a structural and functional unit |
| Diploblastic | have 2 cell layers in embryo. Made of Ectoderm and Endoderm. Found in grade Radiata |
| Ectoderm | outer layer; source of outer covering(epidermis) and nervous system |
| Endoderm | inner layer; becomes gut (gastrodermis) |
| Triploblastic | 3 cell layers in embryo. Ectoderm, Endoderm, and Mesoderm. Found in all Bilateria |
| Mesoderm | middle layer between ecto- and endoderm; most organs form from mesoderm tissue |
| Radial Symmetry | any plane through the central axis of the animal will produce two halves that are approximately mirror images of each other |
| Bilateral Symmetry | major evolutionary advance. Allows animals to move more easily which allows them to hunt and seek food more efficiently. Have a central nervous system, and ability to develop cephalization. |
| Acoelomate | no body cavity |
| Psuedocoelomate | have fluid filled cavity between mesoderm and endoderm |
| Coelomate | have fluid-filled cavity (coelom) within mesoderm and surrounded by mesodermal tissue |
| Parietal Periotneum | epithelium lining outer wall of coelom |
| Visceral Peritoneum | epithelium lining covering organs in coelom; also lines inner wall body cavities require some form of circulation |
| Open Circulatory System | found only in coelomates. Blood pumps from heart into coelom; used by most invertebrates |
| Closed Circulatory System | blood pumps from heart into vessels and back into heart; separation from rest of body fluid allows for greater control of blood contents |
| Why is a Coelum better than a Pseudocoelum? | • endoderm and mesoderm are better able to communicate and coordinate during development because they are in direct contact • allows development of a more complex digestive tract |
| Protosomes | First mouth: blastospore becomes the mouth. Cell fate is decided from the beginning. |
| Dueterosomes | Second Mouth: blastospore becomes anus. Cell fate is undetermined |
| Grade Radiata | radial symmetry, Phylum Cnidaria and Ctenophora. Tissues but no true organs |
| Phylum Cnidaria | stinging-celled animals: corals, hydras, anemones, and jellyfish. Tissues but no organs. Simple nerve net. Carnivorous but largely sessile. Internal digestion. 3 distinct phases of life. |
| Nematocysts | barbed projectiles that penetrate the flesh of prey and inject prey with a toxin. nematocysts are propelled with water pressure |
| Planula | larval stage of Cnidaria. • multicellular • use cilia to swim • part of plankton in oceans |
| Polyp | largely sessile stage of Cnidarian Life. Usually develops from planula; most have a holdfast to anchor to the ocean floor |
| Medusa | typically umbrella-shaped and motile (both float and swim) phase of Cnidarian life |
| Class Hydrozoa | the hydroids. Both polyp and medusa stages. Most are marine and colonial. Include the Portuguese man of War |
| Class Scyphozoa | The Jellyfish. Medusa dominant; polyp small and inconspicuous (sometimes no polyp). Muscular ring of epithelial cells propel animal. Separate sexes, larvae are free-swimming planulae |
| Class Cubozoa | Box Jellyfish. Medusae are box-shaped. Tentacle or group of tentacles at each box corner. Polyps are inconspicuous, some not known. Stings of some fatal to humans |
| Class Anthozoa | Sea Anemones and Coral. Largest class of Cnidarians. Polyp dominant. Solitary or colonial. Have a symbiotic relationship with algae |
| Phylum Ctenophora | Comb Jellies or Sea Walnuts. Radially symmetrical, but more complex than Cniderians. Have anal pores. Most are bioluminescent and use comb-like plates to move |
| Bilateria | All are tripoblastic and have bi-lateral symmetry. |
| Phylym Chaetognatha | Arrow Worms. Coelomate, translucent, cm size range, arrow shape with head, trunk, and tail segments with septa in between these. Large eyes and powerful jaws in some |
| Protosomia | Have spiral determinate cleavege. Coelum form from splits within mesoderm; and blastopore become mouth. Made up of 2 sister taxa: Ecdysozoa (molting) and Lophotrochozoa (non-molting) |
| Lophotrochozoa | grow by extending the size of their exoskeletons. Non-molting. |
| Lophophore | feeding structure found in Lophotrochozoa made of cilitated tentacles with coelum within them. Found in Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, and Phoronida |
| Trochophore | larva with a ring of cillia around its middle, found in lophotrochozoa. Used for swimming and feeding. |
| Phylum Ectoprocta | Bryozoans or moss animals. Coelomate, aquatic (mostly marine). Use lophophore for feeding. Secrete and live in a chitinous chamber. |
| Phylum Platyhelminthes | Flatworms. Acoelomate. Ribbon shaped, soft bodied, and flattened. Most are parasitic. Incomplete gut (only 1 opening). Have an extretory system but no circulatory system and some have a simple nervous system. Most are hermaphrodidic. |
| Class Turbellaria | |
| Members of what class of echinoderms have long spines operated by tube feet? | Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars) |
| Members of which lineage are called tunicates or sea squirts. They have tadpole-like larvae, but their sessile adult form is usually encased in a leathery "tunic" | Urochordata |
| The members of this class of echinoderms are filter feeders and often have hundreds of arms. Anscestral members of this class were one of the dominant forms of marine life in the Paleozoic era. | Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather satrts) |
| Members of this Phylum of Ecdysozoan animals are extremely common in soil. Many are important plant parasites, using their stylets to pierce the plant. Some infect humans; beware of undercooked pork, which can give you Trichnella parasite | Nematoda |
| Members of this phylum are characterized by an endoskeleton of calcium-rich plates, a water vascular system, and pentaradial symmetry in adults | Echinodermata |
| Groups of cells that share a common structure and function are considered to be | tissues |
| THe specialized glycoprotein that is unique to cartilage, distinguishing it from other tissues is | chondroitin sulfate |
| Skeletal muscles are connected to bones by cords of connective tissue called | tendons |
| Living members of what lineage are jawless vertebrates called lampreys, which are mostly parasitic as adults. They have shards of cartilage that partially cover the nerve chord, which may represent an early stage of the evolution of vertebrae | Cephalaspidomorphi |
| According to modern phylogeny, which of the following groups is most closely related to mollusks? | Annelida |
| In mammals the thoracic and abdominal cavities are seperated by: | the diaphragm |
| A four-chambered heart, fused collarbones, and a keeled sternum are features associated with all or most modern: | Birds (FUSED COLLARBONE FOR FLIGHT) |
| The Carboniferous Period is also called the ________ due to the dominance and diveristy of the group in that time | Age of Amphibians |
| Living member of this order of mammals are only found in nature in Australia, New Guinea, and surrounding islands. The females had mammary glands without well developed nipples. These are the only living mammals that lay eggs | Monotremata (REMEMBER NOT MARSUPIALS< BECAUSE THEY LAY EGGS) |
| To which of the following groups to members of Polyplacophora (chitons) NOT belong? | Ecdysozoa |
| Most members of this class have either no shell or an internal shell. However, one member (the chambered nautilus) has an external shell. The organisms in this class have their muscular foot modified into grasping tentacles | Cephalopoda |
| The tibia and femur are considered to be part of | the appendicular skeleton |
| Which animal taxon is named for the cuticle or external skeleton that its members secrete and periodically molt | Ecdysozoa |
| Named for the Greek Fertility god, this is a phylum of marine worms that all have a phallic appearance. The group dates back to the Cambrian in the fossil record, and some of the major predators during the Cambrian period were from this group. | Priapulida |
| Epithelial tissue with several layers of irregular, flattened cells with tapered edges would be called _______ epithelium | stratified squamous |
| Which of the following is NOT considered a requirement for the successful invasion of land by vertebrates? | Amniotic egg (THINK ABOUT FROGS) |
| Members of this phylum all have at some point during dvevelopment a hollow dorsal nerve chord, pharangeal gill slits, a notochord, and a postnatal tail | Chordata |
| With the current phylogeny in mind, rank the following from most inclusive to least inclusive : Ecdysozoa, Bilateria, Eumetozoa, Loricifera, Scalidophora | Eumetozoa, Bilateria, Ecdysozoa, Scalidophora, Loricifera |
| Which of these structures is derived from an ansestral air-breathing lung in ray-finned fishes and is used to increase buoyancy? | Swim bladder |
| Based on the fossil records indicating shared traits such as a derived jaw joint, a cursorial gait, and the heterdont condition, it appears that mammals evolved directly from: | therapsids |
| The orders Apoda, Urodela, and Anura are all part of which of the following groups? | Amphibia |
| Members of this very successful phylum all have a coelom. they have three main body parts: the visceral mass, muscular foot, and mantle | Mollusca |
| Graptolites, which are important index fossils from the mid Cambrian to the lower Carboniferous, are remains of organisms that would be classified in which of these phyla? | Hemichordata |
| Members of this phylum are all parasitic, including some that have a cricket host. They take over the crickets brain and then emerge when fully mature at up to 1 meter long | Nematomorpha |
| Based on the fossil record and DNA sequencing, which fish group is most closely related to the tetrapods such as birds | Sarcopterygii |
| Rank the following from most inclusive to least inclusive: synapsids, mammals, gnathostomes, craniates, amniotes | Craniates, Gnathosomes, Amniotes, Synapsids, Mammals |
| Members of the order Dipeptra (flies) have postembryonic development called holometabolous, or complete metamorphasis, where they have: | several instars of often worm-like larvae, then a stage where they are a sessile pupa, ending in an adult stage that is very different from the larval instars |
| Members of this extremely successful phylum are characterized by a segmented body plan, jointed appendages, and a chitinous exoskeleton. The exoskeleton is replaced periodically by molting. Over half of all living species are in this phylum | Arthropoda |
| Characteristics of members of this order include having 2 major body segments, the prosoma and opithoma, as well as the production of silk from a protein fluid forced out of spinnerets. They have chelicerate modified into fangs with poison gland | Araneae |
| Lizards and snakes are living members of this lineage: | Squamata |
| According to modern phylogeny, which of the following groups is most closely related to members of the Phylum Arthropoda? | Tardigrada |
| Members of this class of arththropoda have one pair of antennae and a body divided into three segments (head, thorax, and abdomen) Their head has one pair of antennae, and their legs are attached only to the thorax, as are their wings. | Insecta |
| Living members of this order of mammals includes whales, dolphins, pigs, deer giraffes, and hippotomuses | Cetartiodactyla |
| Members of the subphylum Hexapoda, are most closely related to which of the following groups? | Crustacea |
| This class includes marine, freshwater, and terrestrial members. Most have a single coiled shell, but some have no shell. Their anus is practically over their heads | Gastropoda |
| Muscle tissue in mammals is derived from: | mesoderm |
| The orders Odonata, Hemiptera, and Orthoptera are all members of which class? | Insecta |
| These are considered "Living Fossils". They have 4 pairs of walking legs, but their pedipalps look and function much like extra legs. They have a shell called a carpace and a "tail" spine called a telson | Merostomata |
| The process of metamorphosis in insects in controlled by this | juvenile hormone |
| A tube foot of a sea star moves when the small muscular bulb called the ________ contracts, forcing fluid into the tube foot | ampulla |
| Based on the fossil records, the first fish were: | ostracoderms |
| The shells of organisms such as clams are secreted by the: | mantle |
| Which cells in a sponge are primarily responsible for trapping and removing food particles from circulating water? | choanocytes |
| A sponge's structural materials (spicules, spongin) are manufactured by the | amoebocytes |
| The members of which class of the phylum Cnidaria occur only as polyps? | anthozoa, because they look like antlers on the wall!! |
| Which class of the phylum Cnidaria includes "jellies" with rounded (as opposed to boxlike) medusae? | Scyphozoa |
| What would be the most effective method of reducing the incidence of blood flukes in a human population? | reduce the freshwater snail population |
| The larvae of many common tapeworm species that infect humans are usually found | encysted in the muscles of an animal such as a cow or pig |
| A lophophore is used by ectoprocts and brachiopods for what purpose? | for feeding |
| Which molluscan class includes members that undergo embryonic torsion? | gastropods, because it twists the anus above the head so the stomach is by the foot, this (stomach foot) |
| Which molluscan class includes marine organisms whose shell consists of eight plates? | Chitons, shell= chitin |
| Of the annelid classes below, which have parapodia? | Polychaeta, the swimming worms!! |
| What is a characteristic of nematodes? | the have only longitudinal muscles. Remember they swim weird when they come out of the cricket? because they can only move lengthwise! |
| Humans most frequently acquire trichinosis by | eating undercooked pork |
| The heartworms that can accumulate within the hearts of dogs and other mammals have a pseudocoelom, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. To which phylum does the heartworm belong? | Nematoda |
| Among the invertebrate phyla, phylum Arthropoda is unique in possessing members that have | wings |
| A shared derived characteristic for members of the arthropod subgroup that includes spiders would be the presence of | chelicerae, they have those sharp fangs remember? |
| While working in your garden, you discover a worm-like, segmented animal with two pairs of jointed legs per segment. The animal is probably a | millipede |
| What distinguishes complete metamorphosis from incomplete metamorphosis in insects? | radically different appearance between adults and earlier life stages |
| The possession of two pairs of antennae is a characteristic of | crustaceans |
| Protostomes with a unique drape of tissue that may secrete a shell are part of which phylum? | Mollusca |
| Nematodes are most closely related to _____. | rotifers |
| Earthworms are in the phylum _____. | annelida |
| characteristics is common to both snails and earthworms? | an alimentary system with two openings |
| Grasshoppers respire via _____. | spiracles and trachea |
| what symmetry do adult sea stars exhibit? | radial symmetry |
| How do sea stars feed? | by extending their stomach through their mouths |
| Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance? | lancelets |
| What do craniates have that earlier chordates did not have? | partial or complete skull |
| Lampreys differ from hagfishes in | having a notochord that is surrounded by a tube of cartilage |
| What is a distinctive feature of the chondrichthyans? | mostly cartilaginous endoskeleton. Remember that chond: cartilage and ichthyes: fish, CARTILAGE FISH! |
| To which of these are the scales of chondrichthyans most closely related in a structural sense? | chondrichthyan teeth. Remember that shark teeth shed periodically just like scales! |
| these statements accurately describes a similarity between sharks and ray-finned fishes | They have a lateral line that is sensitive to changes in water pressure. |
| The ray-finned fishes are characterized by | a bony endoskeleton, operculum, and usually a swim bladder |
| What permits reptiles to thrive in arid environments | scales made of keratin that prevent dehydration |
| Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough? | it allows for the incubation of eggs on a terrestrial environment |
| Which era is known as the "age of reptiles"? | Mesozoic. Mezo= middle, and reptiles are in the middle between amphibians and mammals! |
| Which of the following is characteristic of most extant reptiles and most extant mammals? | keratinized skin |
| What are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs? | Birds |
| What are mammals derived from | Synapsids --> therapsids |
| Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as | suspension feeding devices |
| What is the oldest known primate group? | Prosimians |
| Differentiation of teeth is first observed in | mammals |
| Three major groups: egg-laying, pouched, and placental | mammals |
| May have lungs, or gills, and may use skin as a respiratory surface | amphibians |
| Which are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates? | ray-finned fishes |
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