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APHuG Unit 1

Introduction to Maps

Term	Definition
Human Geography	The branch of geography that studies how human activity affects or is influenced by Earth's surface
Globalization	The process by which businesses and other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale
Sustainability	The group of practices that meet the needs of the present without compromising the future generations' ability to meet their needs
Gender	A general term for the ways in which a society defines the differences between males and females
Global citizen	A person who is aware of and understands the wider world and his or her place in it
Culture	The shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors that a society transmits from one generation to the next
Infrastructure	The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (such as buildings, roads, and public utilities) needed for the operation of a society
Map	A two-dimensional (flat) representation of a geographic area or place
Cartographer	A person who makes maps
Data aggregation	The process of collecting and organizing large amounts of information
Spatial perspective	A geographic perspective that seeks to identify and explain the uses of space
Spatial patterns	The placement or arrangement of objects on Earth's surface; also includes the space between those objects
Time-distance decay	Also known as the "first law of geography"; the idea that near things are more related than distant things, and interaction between two places decreases the farther apart they are
Map symbols	Graphic elements that help organize the information in a map, such as (but not limited to) dots, stars, arrows, squares, and dotted lines
Legend	A key to the meaning of the symbols and colors on a map
Compass rose	A drawing, usually found on the edge of a map, showing the four cardinal directions (north, south, east, and west) and the map's orientation
Absolute direction	Corresponds to the direction on a compass: north, south, east, west, and combinations such as northeast and southwest
Map scale	The distance on a map in relation to distance in actual space; for example, 1 inch on a map might indicate a distance of 100 miles in real life
Scale	The territorial extent of an idea or object
Absolute distance	The distance that can be measured with a standard unit of length, such as a foot, year, mile, or kilometer
Relative distance	A measurement of the level of social, cultural, or economic similarity between places despite their absolute distance from each other
Relative direction	A direction that can be described as position, such as in front of or behind, to the left or to the right
Elevation	Distance above sea level
Isoline	On a map, a line that connects or links different places that share a common or equal value, such as elevation
Topographic map	A graphic representation of the three-dimensional configuration of Earth's surface
Reference map	A map that shows geographic locations on Earth's surface, such as the location of cities or oceans
Thematic map	A map that emphasizes the spatial patterns of geographic statistics or attributes, and sometimes the relationships between them
Choropleth map	A thematic map that shows data aggregated for a specific geographic area, often using different colors to represent different values
Cartogram	A map that distorts the geographic shape of an area in order to show the size of a specific variable; the larger the area on a cartogram, the larger the value of the underlying variable
Proportional or graduated circle map	A map that uses symbols (such as circles or dots) of difference sizes to represent numerical values
Dot density or Dot distribution map	A map that uses dots to represent objects or counts; the dot can represent one object (a one-to-one dot density map) or it can represent a number of objects (a one-to-many dot density map)
Map projection	A method for representing the surface of Earth or a celestial sphere on a plane (two-dimensional) surface; all map projections distort some aspect of Earth's surface
Mercator projection	A map projection that is useful for navigation because the lines connecting points on the map represent the true compass direction; however, landmasses become increasingly distorted the farther away they are from the equator
Peters projection	A map projection that shows all landmasses with their true areas but distorts their shapes
Goode homolosine projection	A map projection that avoid shape distortion and the restrictions of a rectangular map by creating "interruptions" in the maps continuity; in each section, map projection regions are shown "equally", like an orange peel being laid out on a flat surface
Polar projection	A map projection that looks down at Earth from the perspective of one of he poles (North or South)
Robinson projection	A map projection that attempts to create the most visually appealing representation of Earth by keeping all types of distortion relatively low over most of the map
Census	An official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details about individuals, such as age, sex, and race
Fieldwork	Learning and doing research involving first-hand experience, which takes pace outside the classroom setting
Absolute location	A precise position on Earth's surface
Latitude (lines)	The invisible horizontal likes circling Earth parallel to the equator; latitude is the degree of distance north or south from the equator, which is at 0 degrees, as far as the poles, which are at 90 degrees
Longitude (lines)	The invisible vertical lines on Earth's surface that mark imaginary circles connecting the North Pole with the South Pole
Prime meridian	The zero-degree longitude line that runs through Greenwich, England; also known as the Greenwich Meridian
Global Positioning System (GPS)	A system of 24 satellites that orbit Earth twice daily and transmit radio signals Earthward; the basis for many map-based apps that provide directions on how to get from one place to another
Geographic information system (GIS)	A software application for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth's surface; allows the rapid manipulation of geospatial data for problem-solving and research
Remote sensing	The scanning of Earth by satellite or high-flying aircraft in order to obtain information about it
Aerial photgraphy	Remote-sensing photography that produces fine-grained, high-resolution, highly detailed images
Satellite imagery	Images of Earth's surface gathered from sensors mounted on orbiting satellites; these sensors record in both the visible and non-visible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, allowing humans to view patterns and processes that are both visible and invisible to the naked eye
Relative location	The position of one place (or person) in relation to the position of another place (or person)
Space	The areas we occupy as humans; it has no value until the people wo occupy it make it their own
Place	How we modify space based on who we are as a group of people
Cultural landscape	The built forms that cultural groups create in inhabiting Earth - farm fields, cities, houses, and so on - and the meaning, values, representations, and experiences associated with those forms
Time-space compression	The decreasing distance between places, as measured by travel time or cost; often summarized by the phrase "the world is shrinking"
Interdependence	The ties established between regions and countries that over time collectively create a global economic system that is not necessarily based on equality
Geographic processes	The physical and human forces that work together to form and transform the world
Diffusion	The pattern by which a phenomenon such as the movement of people, or their ideas, technologies, or preferences, spreads from a particular location through space and time
Independent invention	Occurs when the same or a very similar innovation is developed at the same time in different places by different people working independently
Expansion diffusion	Occurs when ideas or practices spread throughout a population, from area to rea, in a snowballing process,, so that the total number of knowers or users and the areas of occurrence increase
Hierarchical diffusion	Occurs when ideas leapfrog from one important person, community, or city to another, bypassing other persons, communities, or rural areas
Reverse hierarchical diffusion	Occurs when ideas leapfrog from a lower level of a hierarchy to a higher level
Contagious diffusion	The wavelike spread of ideas in the manner of a contagious disease or forest fire, moving throughout space without regard for hierarchy
Stimulus diffusion	Occurs when a specific trait is rejected, but the underlying idea is accepted
Relocation diffusion	Occurs when individuals or groups with a particular idea or practice migrate from one location to another, thereby bringing the idea or practice to their new homeland
Friction of distance	The inhibiting effect of distance on the intensity and volume of most forms of human interaction; time-space compression diminishes friction of distance
Ecology	A biological science concerned with studying the complex relationships among living organisms and their physical environments
Cultural ecology	The study of the interactions between societies and their local environments
Ecosystem	A territorially bounded system consisting of the interaction between humans and the environment
Environmental perception	The mental images that comprise humans' perception of nature; environmental perception many be accurate or inaccurate
Natural hazard	A physical danger present in the environment, such as a flood, hurricane, volcanic eruption, and earthquake
Tsunami	A huge ocean wave produced by the displacement of a large volume of water, often caused by an earthquake
Natural resources	Materials or substances that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain
Nonrenewable resources	Natural resources that are available on Earth in finite quantities and will eventually be used up
Renewable resources	Natural resources that Earth will naturally replenish over time
Greenhouse gases	Compound in the atmosphere from fossil-fuel combustion, such as carbon dioxide, that absorb and trap heat energy close to Earth's surface
Greenhouse effect	The global warming trend caused by rising levels of carbon dioxide
Environmental determinism	The belief that the physical environment is the dominant force shaping cultures and that humanity is a passive product of its physical surroundings
Possibilism	The belief that any physical environment offers a number of possible ways for a society to develop and that humans can find ways to overcome environmental challenges
Global scale	Geographic scale that looks at geographic phenomena across the entire world
Regional scale analysis	Geographic scale that identifies and analyzes geographic phenomena within a particular region
National scale analysis	Geographic scale that identifies and analyzes geographic phenomena within a specific country
Local scale analysis	Geographic scale that identifies and analyzes geographic within a state or province, a city or town, or neighborhood
Glocal perspective	Geographic perspective that acknowledges the two-way relationship between local communities and global patterns, emphasizing that the forces of globalization need to take into account local-scale cultural, economic , and environmental conditions
Region	A geographical unit based on one or more common characteristics or functions
Formal region	A geographical area inhabited by people who have one or more traits in common
Border zone	A region where cultural markers overlap and blend into a recognizable border culture
Functional region	A geographic area that has been organized to function politically, socially, culturally, or economically as one unit
Nodes	Central points where the functions of a functional region are coordinated and directed
Metropolitan area	An area composed of a heavily populated urban core and its less populated surrounding areas
Perceptual/vernacular region	A geographic rea that is perceived to exist by its inhabitants, based on the widespread acceptance and use of a unique regional name
Mental map	A personal representation of a portion of Earth's surface
Sense of place	How a person feels about a particular place and why it's important to him or her
Activity space	Where a person goes and what he or she does on a day-to-day basis
Regional identity	The awareness of belonging to a group of people within a region
Contested boundaries	Boundaries that are disputed for religious, political, or cultural reasons
Regional analysis	The process of examining patterns and processes within and between regions at multiple geographic scales (local, national, regional, and global)

Created by: sstiles08

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FIRST SET OF VOCAB

Second set of pop vocab

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