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Cardiopulmonary A&P
Unit 2 Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _____ is the pressure difference between two points in a tube or vessel. | Driving pressure |
| ____ is the pressure gradient difference between the barometric pressure (at the mouth) and alveolar pressure. | Transrespiratory pressure (Transairway) |
| ____ is the pressure difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure. | Transpulmonary |
| Lung compliance is defined as the change in lung ____ per change in ____. | volume; unit pressure |
| Under normal resting conditions, the average lung compliance during each breath is approximately _____ L/cm H2O or ________ mL/cm H2O.. | 0.1 ; 100 |
| Define elastance: | The natural ability of matter to respond directly to force & return to its original resting position, or shape after force no longer exists. P/V |
| Describes physical properties of an elastic substance. | Hookes Law |
| Define surface tension: | During liquid gas interface, the liquid molecules are strongly attracted to liquid molecules within the liquid mass. |
| LaPlace's law formula: | P= 2ST/R |
| ___is a phospholipid produced by the Type II pneumocytes and acts to decrease surface tension in the alveoli. | pulmonary surfactant |
| Define dynamic: | the study of forces in action (in the lungs this refers to movement of gasses in and out & pressure changes needed for that movement. |
| Define ventilation: | the process that exchanges gas between the external environment and the alveoli. It is the mechanism by which oxygen is carried from the atmosphere to the alveoli & by which carbon dioxide is carried from the alveoli to the atmosphere. |
| ____is the amount of pressure needed to keep the lungs inflated in the absence of airflow. | Plateau pressure |
| What Causes an Increased Plateau Pressure? | acute respiratory distress syndrome |
| ___is the highest pressure that occurs in the lungs during the inspiratory phase of breathing. It represents the amount of pressure needed to overcome airway resistance and chest wall compliance in order to deliver a breath. | Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) |
| Airway resistance defined: | the pressure difference between mouth and the alveoli |
| Time constants defined: | the time (in seconds) necessary to inflate a particular lung region to 60% of its potential filling pressure. |
| Of all the factors affecting flow, which factor plays the most important role relative to its effect on flow? | radius |
| Normal Raw is about ____ cmH2O/L/sec. | 0.5-1.5 |
| List three classifications of gas flow through a tube. | Laminar, turbulent, tracheobronchial or transitional |
| Laminar Flow explaned: | gas flow that is streamline. gas moves through a tube in a pattern parallel to the sides of the tube (occurs at low flow rates, and low pressure gradients). ex; normal breathing, slow |
| Turbulent Flow enplaned: | gas molecules move through a tube in a random manner, flow encounters resistance from both sides of tube and from collision with other gas molecules (occurs at high flow rates and high flow pressure gradients. |
| Tracheobronchial or Transitional Flow explained: | a combination of laminar and turbulent flow. |
| List the components of the normal ventilatory pattern. | Tidal volume (VT), Respiratory Rate (F), Time relationship between inhalation and exhalation |
| Tidal volume normal range is: | 3-4mL/lb or 5-7mL/kg |
| Respiratory rate normal range is: | 12-20 bpm |
| List three phases of the ventilatory cycle. | Inspiratory, Exspiratory and pause at end expiration. |
| ___ ventilation is the portion of inspired gas that reaches the alevoli and participates in gas exchange. | Alveolar |
| ____ ventilation is the portion of inspired air that does NOT participate in gas exchange. | Deadspace |
| List three types of deadspace. | Anatomic, alveolar, and physiologic |
| Anatomic deadspace defined: | volume of gas in conducting airways |
| Alevolar deadspace defined: | occurs when alveolus is ventilated, but not perfused with pulmonary blood. |
| Physiologic deadspace defined: | sum of alveolar and anatomic space. |
| Apena is: | complete absence of spontaneous ventilation |
| Eupena is: | normal spontaneous breathing |
| Biot’s (“Bee-ohz”) Breathing | short episodes of rapid, uniformly deep inspirations followed by 10-30 seconds of apnea (first described in patients with meningitis) |
| Hyperpnea | increased depth (volume) of breathing with or without and increased frequency |
| Hyperventilation | an increased alveolar ventilation (produced by any ventilatory pattern that causes an increase in either ventilation rate or depth of breathing) that causes the PACO2 and the PaCO2 to decrease |
| Tachypnea | a rapid breathing rate |
| Hypoventilation | a decreased alveolar ventilation produced by any pattern that causes an increase in the PACO2 and the PaCO2. |
| Cheyne-Stokes Breathing | 10-30 seconds of apnea followed by a gradual increase in volume & frequency of breathing , (associated with cerebral disorders and Congestive Heart Failure [CHF]) |
| Kussmaul’s Breathing | Both and increase in depth and rate of breathing causing the PaCO2 to decrease and the PaO2 to increase. (commonly associated with diabetic ketoacidosis) |
| Orthopnea | a condition in which an individual breathes most comfortably sitting up. |
| Dyspnea | difficulty in breathing of which the patient is consciously aware (feeling SOB) |
| is the pressure difference that occurs across the airway wall. | Transmural |
| the difference between alveolar pressure and pleural pressure (Ppl). This pressure gradient should remain stable. | Transpulmonary |
| __ is the difference between the alveolar pressure and the body surface pressure. | Transthoracic |
Created by:
asiap23
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