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Vital SIgns
Unit 2 Patient Asst
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The patient with asthma frequently describes dyspnea as? | tightness in the chest |
| Patients with congestive heart failure often describe a sensation of? | suffocation or air hunger |
| Patients with COPD and interstitial lung disease often complain of? | increased effort to breathe |
| Cardiac and circulatory-related dyspnea occurs primarily when there is an what? | inadequate supply of oxygen to the tissues. |
| Dyspena is seen primarily during ____ when the decreased pumping power of the heart cannot keep up with demands created by exercise. | exercise |
| Psychogenic dyspena, or panic disorder is a? | a hysterical type of over breathing that usually presents as breathlessness. |
| Three phases of the cough mechanism | irritation, inspiratory, compression and expiratory |
| Reflex opening of the glottis and contraction of the diaphragm and thoracic muscles | Inspiratory |
| Closure of the glottis and relaxation of the diaphragm while the expiratory muscles of the abdomen contract against the closed glottis | compression |
| Opening of the glottis, explosive release of trapped intrathoracic air, and vibration of the vocal cords and mucosal lining | expiratory |
| Sudden onset, usually severe with a short course | acute |
| Persistent and troublesome for more than 3 weeks | chronic |
| Periodic, prolonged, forceful episodes | paroxysmal |
| Strong enough to clear the airway | effective |
| Audible but too weak to mobilize the secretions | inadequate |
| Mucus or other material is expelled by the cough | productive |
| Moisture or secretions are not produced | dry |
| Barky, brassy, hoarse, or those associated with inspiratory stridor | problem with laryx |
| Wheezy (accompanied by whistling or sighing sounds) | bronchial disorder |
| Chronic productive | generally indicate significant bronchopulmonary disease (chronic bronchitis) |
| Hacking (frequent brief periods of coughing or clearing the throat) | may be due to smoking, a viral infection, a nervous habit, or difficult to move secretions that occur with postnasal drip. |
| The substance expelled from the tracheobronchial tree, pharynx, mouth, sinuses, and nose by coughing or clearing the throat. | sputum |
| Refers strictly to secretions from the lungs and tracheobronchial tree. | phlegem |
| The tracheobronchial tree normally secretes up to ___ of sputum each day. | 100mL |
| Excessive sputum production is most often caused by | inflammation of the mucous glands that line the tracheobronchial tree. |
| Expectoration of sputum containing blood. It varies from slight streaking to frank bleeding | Hemoptysis |
| Hemoptysis can be caused by | bronchopulmonary, cardiovascular, hematologic, and other systemic disorders. |
| Erosive bronchitis in smokers with chronic bronchitis and bronchogenic carcinoma | frequent causes of hemoptysis |
| The most common causes of streaky hemoptysis | pulmonary infections, lung cancer, and thromboemboli. |
| (400 mL in 3 hours or more than 600 mL in 24 hours) is seen with | carcinoma of the lung, tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, and trauma. - massive hemopytsis |
| associated with sudden onset of chest pain and dyspnea in a patient at risk for venous stasis of the legs must be evaluated for pulmonary embolism and possible pulmonary infarction! | hemopytsis |
| Frothy, blood-tinged (pinkish) sputum associated with paroxysmal cough accompanies | cardiac-induced pulmonary edema. |
| Is difficulty breathing as perceived by the patient is the most distressing symptom of respiratory disease and is also a cardinal symptom of cardiac disease. | dyspena |
| It is a term defined by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) as a | subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity. |
| Uses a scale of 0 to 10 (with 0 being no dyspnea and 10 being the most severe level of dyspnea) to depict the perceived intensity of the symptom. | Modified Borg Scale |
| Specifies the degree of dyspnea as slight, moderate, severe, or very severe using descriptive terms as well as a numeric grading system | American Thoracic Society Shortness of Breath Scale |
| It is also seen with hematologic, metabolic, chemical, neurologic, psychogenic, and mechanical disorders. | dyspnea |
| Dyspnea caused by asthma | is seen most commonly in Children. Epiglottitis, croup, and bronchiolitis |
| Is almost always progressive it begins with dyspnea on exertion (DOE) and over time progresses to dyspnea at rest | chronic dyspnea |
| Shortness of breath while laying down | Orthopnea |
| Dyspnea while in an upright position | Platynea |
| Normal rate and depth of breathing | Eupnea |
| Absence of spontaneous ventilation | Apena |
| Less than normal rate of breathing | Bradypena |
| Decreased depth of breathing | Hypopena |
| Increased depth of breathing | Hyperpena |
| Extreme shortness of breath, indicating immediate treatment | air hunger |
| Dyspnea in one lateral position but not in the other lateral position | Trepopnea |
| Occurrences of dyspnea should be: | chronologically recorded, including related symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, pain, position, and exertion. |
| the causes of chronic dyspnea | Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis. |
| Patient will appear malnourished, using accessory muscles and usually leans forward when sitting. The term “Pink Puffer” refers to these patients. | Emphysema |
| Patient will appear overweight, usually leaning back and presents with central cyanosis. The term “Blue Bloater” refers to these patients. | Chronic Bronchitis |
| Is common in patients with cardiac ischemia (decreased coronary blood flow resulting in low blood supply to the myocardium) or inflammatory disorders affecting thoracic or abdominal structures | chest pain |
| is the cardinal symptom of heart disease. | chest pain |
| The “viselike” pain of a heart attack is referred down the arms, most often the left and may radiate into the shoulder, neck, jaw, or back. | angina |
| Is often described as inspiratory pain, and is the most common symptom of disease causing inflammation of the pleura (pleurisy) | Pleuritic pain |
| May be described as “knot-like” or “like a big bubble trapped inside”. | Esophageal pain |
| Is a temporary loss of consciousness caused by reduced blood flow and supply of oxygen and nutrients to the brain. | Syncope |
| Pulmonary causes of syncope include | pulmonary embolism or hypertension; prolonged bouts of coughing (tussive syncope); low levels of oxygen (hypoxia) OR carbon dioxide (hypocapnia). |
| is the transient loss of consciousness following severe coughing. It occurs most commonly in middle-aged men with underlying COPD who are outgoing and moderately obese and have a great appetite for food, alcohol, and smoking | Tussive syncope |
| “common dizziness and fainting” is the most usual type of syncope and result from a loss of peripheral venous tone. It can occur with all forms of physical and emotional stress including pain, venipuncture, prolonged standing, and anxiety. | Vasovagal syncope |
| is an excessive drop in blood pressure on assuming a standing position. It should be suspected when a patient reports fainting after suddenly getting up for a chair or after rising suddenly from bed | Orthostatic hypotension |
| is soft-tissue swelling resulting from an abnormal accumulation of fluid | edema |
| caused by pulmonary disease is a result of the failure of the right side of the heart to effectively pump blood through the highly resistant diseased lungs. | Peripheral (dependent) edema |
| If the edema is bilateral | it suggests pulmonary hypertension or heart failure. |
| If the edema is unilateral, | it is most frequently caused by some type of venous obstruction in that extremity. |
| when the depression of an edematous area does not refill immediately. | Pitting Edema |
| is an elevation of body temperature above the normal range {97 – 99.5oF or 36 – 37.5oC} resulting from disease. | fever |
| When temperature drops abruptly, sweat production may increase tremendously resulting in | diaphoresis |
| abnormal reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, which occurs more than twice a week. This occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter opens inappropriately. | gerd |
| Infection, lung abscess, drug reaction, allergy, edema, hyperemia, collagen-vascular disease, radiotherapy, pneumoconiosis, tuberculosis | inflammatory |
| Inhaled dusts, suction catheter, food | mechanical |
| Foreign bodies, aspiration of nasal secretions, tumor or granulomas within or around the lung, aortic aneurysm | obstructive |
| Pulmonary edema, atelectasis, fibrosis, chronic interstitial pneumonitis | airway wall tension |
| Inhaled irritants gases, fumes, smoke | chemical |
| Inhaled hot or cold air | temp |
| Tactile pressure in the ear canal (Arnold’s nerve response) or from otitis media | ear |
Created by:
asiap23
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