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Exploration - 1763
APUSH Review #1
| Term | Description | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Christopher Columbus | 1451-1506; Columbus was born in Genoa, but he was a trader and explorer who sailed under the Spanish rule. | He was given credit for discovering the Americas, when he only made it to the Caribbean. Was actually trying to journey to India by traveling through the Western Hemisphere. |
| Amerigo Vespucci | 1454-1512; a Genoese merchant navigator and sea explorer | Explored the eastern coast of South America and believed he had found a new continent, while others thought it was only another part of Asia. |
| Hernando Cortes | 1485-1547; a Spanish conquistador | Led Spanish forces to conquer one of the strongest Indian tribes in history: the Aztecs. |
| Missionaries | Spiritual devotees who travel to lands looking to spread their religion | These people served as mediators helping the Spanish government. |
| Samuel de Champlain | French navigator and explorer | He helped other navigators map out the South American coast |
| Spanish Armada | Fleet of Spanish ships including Hapsburg and King Philip II of Spain | Used in the Anglo-Spanish war and Battle of Gravelines; defeated in 1588 |
| Sir Walter Raleigh | 1554-1618; an English explorer and friend to Elizabeth I | Founded Virginia and the Lost Colony. Also explored Guiana. |
| Roanoke | Founded by Sir Walter Raleigh off the coast of Virginia | Known as the "Lost Colony" because the whole colony of 117 people disappeared. |
| Virginia Company | English royal joint stock company established by James I in 1606. | Established the Jamestown settlement in 1607 by Chesapeake Bay |
| Jamestown | Named after King James I; permanent English colony | Was a disaster until John Smith came and helped the colonists. |
| Powhatan | Very powerful tribe leader of Native Americans | Father of Pocahontas; leader of 30 Algonquian tribes. |
| Captain John Smith | 1580-1631; English soldier and sailor | Saved Jamestown colony from total destruction. Was captured by Powhatan but was saved by Pocahontas |
| John Rolfe | 1585-1622; One of the early British settlers of America | Given credit for being the first to cultivate tobacco in America; married Pocahontas |
| Pocahontas | 1595-1617 Daughter of Powhatan | Saved the life of John Smith and supplied Jamestown with food and information about attacks. |
| Maryland | Subsequent colony of Virginia | Provided a haven for Catholics |
| Plymouth | 1st colony founded by the Pilgrims of England | 1st town to incorporate the English Parliament |
| Mayflower Compact | Document drafted by the Pilgrims while they were still on the Mayflower. | The 1st governmental document of the Plymouth colony |
| William Bradford | 1590-1657; leader of the Pilgrims who founded Plymouth | Started the Separatist church that was persecuted by the king of England |
| Massachusetts Bay Colony | a Puritan built colony | Predecessor of the Massachusetts Bay Province, and eventually Massachusetts the state. |
| John Winthrop | 1587-1649; Governor of Massachusetts Bay in 1629 | Led 11 vessels to the Massachusetts Bay Colony |
| Puritans | Group of radical Protestants which developed in England after reformation | Founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony |
| Pilgrims | group of English religious separatists | Established Plymouth colony; invented Thanksgiving |
| Roger Williams | 1614-1684; An Anglo-American theologian, and proponent of separation of state and church | Co- founded Rhode Island |
| Anne Hutchinson | 1591-1643, an unauthorized Puritan preacher of a dissident church discussion group, and pioneer of Rhode Island and the Bronx | After being banished as a heretic, led 60 followers to find Rhode Island |
| Pequot War | Massachusetts and Connecticut settlers and allies versus the Pequot | The settlers captured and killed most Pequot driving the tribe to near extinction |
| Restoration(of King Charles 2) | 1660; Episode in history where monarchy was restored in England | He reneged on his pardon of those officials involved in his father’s death |
| John Locke | an English political philosopher | Started the concept of natural rights |
| Yamasee War | The Yamasee Indians versus the white settlers in South Carolina | the war took a heavy toll on South Carolina, it took 10 years before it began to be resettled. |
| New Netherland | Originally known as New Amsterdam, it was land in the Northeast settled by the Dutch | This land became New York named after the Duke of York |
| Dutch West India Company | Company formed to conduct activities in West Africa and the Western Hemisphere | For a while, they experienced a monopoly. Settled on the lands of the former New Netherland company. |
| Iroquois League | Comprised of the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga and Seneca | Became a long time ally to the French |
| Quakers | Or Friends, formed by English shoemaker George Fox | Became the most despised sect in England because they offended so many segments of society |
| William Penn | one of the most famous Quakers. Founder of Philadelphia | Philadelphia was founded for Quakers to live without persecution. He was a true advocate for the freedom of Quakers |
| James E. Oglethorpe | a general and founder of Savannah and Augusta | Oglethorpe helped to discover what is present-day Georgia |
| Indentured servants | white servants who, under contract, had to work for a master for a certain amount of years in exchange for food, shelter and even money | this showed how bad it was for some settlers and Europeans to get work. Indentured servants were also much cheaper than slaves |
| Slavery | the incarceration of another human being and forcing them to do manual labor | Slavery became a problem between the North and the South and was an issue in the Civil war; began in America in 1609 |
| Triangular trade | a trade system between the Carribean, West Africa, and Europe which involved the trade of slaves, molasses, rum, horses, and other things | Merchants could get rich off of this because American goods were bought at a very high price. |
| Salem Witch Trials | In Salem, Massachusetts, a series of events dealing with the accusation of women practicing witch craft. | This showed how a mixture of religion, fear, and jealousy could erupt into a frenzy. |
| Enlightenment | The Age of Reason, advocated rationality and system of ethics | It showed the changing mind of the world. The leaders of this movement were trying to lead the world from the irrational tradition. |
| Benjamin Franklin | A diplomat, scientist, writer, printer and political philosopher | Invented things such as bifocals, the lightning rod, and the Franklin stove.Served in the Second Continental Congress and was a drafter and signer of the Declaration. Published the Pennsylvania Gazette newspaper. Important in the Revolution era. |
| Great Awakening | It was a time where religious enthusiasm was encouraged. Many religions came about. | People, like John Edwards, began to challenge the old religious thinking ways. They developed new ways of thinking which led to new religions. |
| Jonathan Edwards | a Massachusetts minister famous for his sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God | Really sparked the Great Awakening. He developed a new style of preaching. He was very emotional with his sermons and gained a lot of critics. |
| George Whitefield | a preacher and assistant of John Wesley. | was the one who fully ignited the Great Awakening. His revival tour throughout the colonies drew huge crowds with his emotional sermons. |
| Mercantilism | it advocated that a nation should export more than it imported and accumulate bullion to make up the difference. | this idea was developed to try and solve the economic problems that the states were having while trying to build up the nations wealth |
| Navigation Acts | were acts passed to put mercantilism into action | it caused a stifling of manufacturing and increased resentment against the mother country |
| Glorious Revolution | refers to the throning of William and Mary | it was a step in the shift of power from the monarchy to Parliament |
| Social Contract | when a state was formed to guarantee the rights of the members of society | This was a stage derived from the natural rights theory |
| Colonial Assembly | represented the people of the towns and counties of the state | Government and law in the colonies represented an extension of the English government |
| King Philip’s War | war between the Wampanoag and the English settlers | this war was started because the English had taken too much land from the Wampanoag and the Wampanoag’s heavy dependence on the English. |
| Bacon’s Rebellion | Nathaniel Bacon and his army rebelled against Jamestown and the government. | the rebellion thwarted off Indian attacks. The tribes realized that they stood little chance against the settlers’. But political strength weakened. |
| Louisiana | Government and law in the colonies represented an extension of the English government | Most of the territory to the east of the Mississippi was lost to the Kingdom of Great Britain in the French and Indian War |
| French and Indian War | the French and their Indian allies fought against the Americans and the British. | This war led to what many believed was the first world war: the Seven Years War. French and British battles usually took place in Europe, but took place on American soil because of battle for land and allies |
| Seven Years War | this war began when the British declared war on the French. | the British won and they emerged as the world’s leading colonial empire. Tension began to arise involving America and Britain |
| The Albany Congress | a meeting held in Albany when native leaders, colonial officials, and representatives from Britain came together to discuss the war with France | Ben Franklin and Thomas Hutchinson drafted a proposal that called for new layers of government. The delegates at Albany approved it, but it was never ratified. Many others gatherings and congresses modeled themselves after the Albany Congress. |
| Peace of Paris (1763) | or the Treaty of Paris; was a treaty that ended the Seven Years War | it helped Britain emerge as the world’s leading colonial empire. France, Spain, and Britain all received and lost land as a result of this |
Created by:
shellenberger
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