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APHG CH 12&13 VOCAB
Wahowski Cy Lakes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Basic Industries | Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement |
| Base Ratio | Ratio between workers empolyed inthe basic sector and thos employed in the nonbasic sector |
| Bosnywash | Large megalopolis in the Northeast region of the United States that connects Boston to Washington DC |
| Burgess, E.W. | Created the concentric zone model in 1923 that views the city as growing outward from the central business district |
| Business Services | Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses |
| Christaller, Walter | Created the central place theory that helps determine the settlement pattern of cities compared to larger urbanized areas |
| Center City | central node of a urban area |
| Central Business District | The area of the city where retail and office activities are clustered |
| Central Place | A market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area |
| Central Place Theory | A theory that explains the distribution of services based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services |
| City-State | A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland |
| Clustered Rural Settlement | A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement |
| Complementary Regions | Where each individual urban center and its merchants has a sales monopoly |
| Consumer Services | Businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and personal services |
| Disamenity Sector | A relativelty stable slum area that radiates from the central market to the outermost zone of peripheral squatter settlements that consist of high-density shantytowns |
| Dispersed Rural Settlement | A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages |
| Economic Base | A community's collection of basic industries |
| Enclosure Movement | The process of consolidating small land holdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the 18th century |
| Export Activities | When city workers produce goods or services for areas outside the city and result in money flowing into the city |
| Feminization of Poverty | The increasing proportion of the poor who are women. |
| Formative Era | The period between about 4,000 and 2,000 BCE where more complex settlements started to occur and the start of urbanization |
| Ghettos | A neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited by a certain ethnic or religious group |
| Gravity Model | A model that holds the potential use of a service at a particular location is direclty related to the number of poeple in a location and the distance people must travel to a location |
| Hamlet | Small cluster of farmers' houses with perhaps a few basic services such as a gas station, a general store, or a coffee shop |
| Harris and Ullman | Created the multiple-nuclei model in 1945 that says large cities develop by spreading from several nodes of growth. |
| Hierarch of central places | Hexagon shapes of central places with small ceteners surrounding it |
| Hoyt, Homer | Developed the sector model in 1939 that divide the land use of a city into sectors instead of rings |
| Infrastructure | All the facilities that support basic economic activities to such a degree that a city cannot function without them |
| In Situ Accretion | Area in Latin American cities where there are modest housing and transitions to the outer-ring poverty. |
| Manufacturing City | Where factories attracted laborers from rural areas and other countries to tenements constructed to provide housing for factory workers |
| Megacity | Cities that have populations of more than 10 million people |
| Megalopolis | Multiple cities that have grown together form the highest level of the urban hierarchy |
| Mercantile City | City where trade became central to city design |
| Metropolitan Statistical Area | In the US, a central city of at least 50,000 population size |
| Micropolitan Statistical Area | In the US, a central city of between 10,000 - 50,000 |
| Market Area (Hinterland) | The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services |
| Nucleated | City with one or more clear core areas |
| Nonbasic industries | Industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community |
| Physical City | A continuous development that contains a central city and many nearby cities,towns, and suburbs |
| Public Housing | Housing owned by the government; in the US, it is rented to low-income residents and the rents are set at 30 percent of the families' income |
| Personal Services | Services that provide for the well-being and personal imporvement of individual consumers |
| Primate City | The largest settlement in a country if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement |
| Primate city rule | A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement |
| Producer Services | Services that primarily help people conduct business |
| Public Services | Services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses |
| Range (of a service) | The maximum distance people are willing to ravel to use a service |
| Rank-Size Rule | A pattern of settlements in a country such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement |
| Retail Services | Services that provide goods for sale to consumers |
| Service | Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it |
| Settlement | A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants |
| Transportation and Information Services | Services that diffuse and distribute services |
| Threshold | The minimum number of people needed to support the service |
| Wirth, Louis | Defined a settlement having 3 characteristics: 1. Large Size 2. High Density 3. Social Heterogeneity |
| World city | World Cities are those that have stock exchanges and major concentration of businesses; first tier (NYC, Tokoyo, London) |
| Zone in Transition | Area that contains light industry and housing for the poor, and serves as a transition zone between the businesses in the central business district and the more purely residential areas in the outer zones |
| Zone of Maturity | The area where there are more middle class homes closer to the city center in a Latin American model |
| annexation | Legally adding land area to a city in the US |
| Census Tract | An area delineated by the US Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published |
| Concentric Zone Model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings. |
| Council of Government | A cooperative agency consisting of representatives of local governments in a metropolitian area in the US |
| Density Gradient | AS the distance increases from the center of the city, the density of residents and houses decreases |
| Edge City | A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area. |
| Filtering | A process of change in the use of a house, from single family owner occupancy to abandonment |
| Gentrification | A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area |
| Greenbelt | A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area |
| Multiple Nuclei Model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities |
| Peripheral Model | A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road |
| Redlining | A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries |
| Rush Hour | The four consecutive 15 minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic |
| Sector Model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiatingout from the CBD |
| Smart Growth | Goal to produce a pattern of controlled development in an urban area |
| Sprawl | Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built up area |
| Squatter Settlement | An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures |
| Underclass | A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics |
| Urban Renewal | Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the propertiies from private owners, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new road and utilties |
| Urbanization | An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlement |
| Urbanized Area | In the US, a central city plus its contiguous bulit-up suburbs |
| Zoning Ordinance | A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community |
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