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Non-bac microbes
Microbiology, 2nd midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1st plant virus discovered | Tobacco Mosaic Virus (Ivanowski) |
| 1st animal virus discovered | Foot & Mouth |
| 1st Human Virus discovered | Yellow Fever (Walter Reed) |
| HIV details | Retrovirus-RNA virus (provirus), 30 million deaths in 30 years Kills helper t-cells Die of opportunistic infection |
| Electron Microscope invented? | 1930s |
| Viral structure of measles, rabies, tobacco mosaic? | Helical (spiral) |
| Viral structure of Herpes, polio & parvo? | Icosahedral (20 sides each a triangle) |
| Viral structure of bacterophages, smallpox? | Complex (combo of both) like: Icosahedral on top of a spherical |
| name 4 components of a virus | 1. Genome (DNA or RNA) 2. Capsid - protein shell(capsomeres) 3. +/- Envelope membrane layer acquired from host cell 4. Spike proteins - project through envelope, aid attachment |
| Naked or enveloped? | only capsid, or capsid plus envelope |
| Tissue Tropism is | The cells and tissue of a HOST that support particular VIRUS |
| Viral structure determines: | Host range (types of hosts) |
| Cultivate viruses in | Embryonated egg, whole animals, animal organs, cell culture (HeLa cancer cells, immortal) |
| Cytopathic effects are | Virus damage seen with light microscope - giant cell fusions & fragmented or misshapen |
| Viral Replication stages | DNA>RNA>Proteins (capsid, spikes, enzymes) |
| Virons are | complete assembled virus particle outside host cell (naturation) |
| Burst time | attachment to exit (45 minutes) |
| Burst size | amount of new virus (100 per cell) |
| Viral Replication from Viron (6 steps) animal cell | 1. Attachment. 2. Penitration 3) Uncoating (capsid releases genome to nucleus). 4) Biosynthesis directs host cell to reproduce (transcription) 5) assembly new virus self-assembles. 6) ExiT (may bud & take membrane) |
| Viral Replication Bacteriophage | attaches to host cell & injects viral genome through tail, takes over & makes nucleic acids & capsids for new viruses. destroys cell on exit |
| Proviruses | Hide & Seek. viral RNA transcripted to DNA then incorporated into nuclear DNA as proviruses. Can remain hidden. |
| retrovirus is one (HIV). | Type of Provirus |
| Viral nomenclature - by tissue type | Pneumotrphic - lungs/ respiratory Dermotrophie - skin Viserotrophic - organs & bloodstream Neurotrophic - brain & nervous system (rabies, polio) |
| ELISA | detects viral antibodies (proteins made by immune system to mark virus) |
| PCR | detects genome of virus by copying DNA-RNA |
| HAI | antibodies - Hemagluttination Inhibition test absence of clumping means disease (measles, mumps) |
| Viral Plaques | areas on petri dish where BACTERIA have been killed by VIRUSES (clear zones), can be used to count virus |
| Anti Viral agents (1) | Synthetic: Base Analogues. Fake nucleotide bases the virus incorporates into genome |
| Anti viral inhibitors (2) | Viral Protein inhibitors: Stop viral enzyme production, 1. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 2. Protease inhibitors |
| Body Defenses (3) | Antibodies (clump up viruses for phagocytes. Tcells - recognize and destroy infected cells Interferons - communicate between cells to trigger immune system |
| Viral Vaccines (3) | Inactivated (dead virus) Attenuated (live but very weak) Subunit (recombivax - produced in yeast from viral DNA) |
| Oncogenic Virus | Tumor/ cancer causing virus. 15% of human cancer caused by viruses messes up mitosis |
| Where do new viruses come from? (3) | mutation, recombination, jump species |
| Viroids | "virus like" RNA particles, no capsid, plant disease |
| Prions | normal brain proteins that can lose shape and cause fatal brain wasting (mad cow) |
| Eukaryotes | with nucleus |
| Fungus - 4 characteristics | cell wall - chiten (polysaccharides) Heterotroph (absorb nutrition) Eukaryote - may have more than one nucleus (coencytic) Unicellular yeast multicellular molds |
| Molds are made of | hyphae, many form mycelium |
| septate | cross wall on a hyphae (mold) |
| Sapraprobe | Eats dead matter |
| Parasites | Eat live matter |
| Chiten | polysaccharide layer (sweet coat) of fungus |
| Ergosterol | Steroid in fungal cell membrane - target of many antifungals (drugs block biochemical pathway) |
| Fungal Growth | Divides by mitosis, then buds off baby cell or elongates & branchs off |
| Fungal growth temp? | room temp (25c) or human pathogens body temp (37c) |
| Fungal pH? | slightly acidic (pH 5) |
| Fungus Aerobic? | Yes, except yeast is facultative |
| Fungi eat... | saprarobes & parasites (break down stuff in environment) |
| Fungal mutualism | symbiotic relationship with plant roots (mychorrizae), algae (lichens), or sleepy grass (adds a toxin). Adds minerals & water-gets sugars |
| Mold reproduction | sexual or asexual via spores |
| Yeast reproduction | asexual, mitosis, budding - sometimes conjugate exchange DNA |
| Advantage of sexual reproduction? | more variety, double chromosomes, could survive catastrophe |
| Mycelium | FUNGUS BODY |
| WHAT ARE "LOWER FUNGI?" | Fungus-like protists (Eukaryote, kingdom of protesta), water molds, slime molds, Chytrids |
| True Fungi names have | "mycos" = fungi molds & yeasts |
| what are the 5 kingdoms? | Animals, Plants, Fungi; Protista: (algae, protazoa, lower fungi); Monera (Eubacteria, Archea) |
| Who came up with the five kingdoms? | Whittiker |
| Protista: Water molds | It has plant and animal-like characteristics, but is a "lower fungi" (phytophorea, potato blight) |
| Protista: Water molds different from fungi? | Cellulose not chiten spores have flagela |
| Protista: Slime molds | have unicellular & multicelluar phases crawls at an inch per day reproduces via spores |
| Decomposers: | slime molds, water molds (protista), yeasts, molds (fungi) |
| plant & animal like properties? | lower fungi (protista) |
| Chytrids? | Lower fungi, live in water, cause disease in frogs |
| Bread molds & peach mold | Zygomycota - true fungus (chiten, hyphae, etc), sexual reproduction = two hyphae fuse form a zygospore which gives off new spores |
| Ascomycota | 75% of known fungi, spores form a sac or cup "ascus" |
| Aspergillus (ascomycota) | aflatoxin carcinogen (liver cancer) contaminates wheat, corn, peanuts |
| edible ascomycota | Truffle |
| Basidiomycota | spores form on tiny pedistals called basida, which line hyphae (underside of mushrooms) |
| Mushrooms | Basidiomycota - watch out for aminita |
| Deuteromycota | athletes foot fungus, trychophyton |
| any single celled stage of a fungus | Yeasts (in all fungi categories) |
| Yeast metabolism | release CO2 to make bread rise ferments sugars & produces alcohol |
| Fungi, more like plants or animals? | animals |
| Protozoa are... (6) | parasites, saprobes, aerobic, unicellular, live near water, causes human disease (malaria, sleeping sickness) |
| Contractive vacule & Pellicle | Protozoa CV = moves excess water out of cell P = rigid outer cover over cell |
| Protozoa classifications (4) | ameobas, flagellates, ciliates, apicomplexans (born with flagella then lose it in the cell) |
| Protozoa stages (based on nutrition) | Cyst: no food, not dividing Trophozoite: food, feeding & dividing |
| describe Amoebas | Creep towards food using "pseudopods" Use pseudopods for endocytosis binary fission (like bacteria) |
| Forams protozoa? | white cliffs of dover, chalky calcium bodies, 250 MYA the world covered w/ amoeba |
| Describe Flagellates (protozoa) | whip-like tails (microtubules build tension until whip like motion), move toward food, Endosymbians (work in tandom) ex: caduceria in termite gut digests cellulose |
| Describe Trypanosomes (protozoa) | cause disease in blood, block capillaries, damage heart |
| Describe Cilliates (protozoa) | eat bacteria, networks of fibers, sweep food into mouth opening |
| Describe Paramecium (protozoa) tough guy | produces kappa factors that kill cells, has harpoon-like structures for defense, in stress come together & share DNA to mutate, cilliate |
| Describe Apicomplexans (protozoa) | born w/ flagella, lose when enter host cell; enzyme helps penetrate host cell, Plasmodium invades RBC causes malaria |
| Types of Algae | Diatoms Dinoflagellates |
| Vector | disease agent that can bring disease to humans (mosquitos, fleas, ticks, flies) |
| multicellular parasites | worms ticks fleas lice, mites, mosquitos |
| Flatworms are | Flukes tapeworms Bilateral symmetry, simple digestion up down same tube |
| Fluke lifecycle | microscopic>snail>fish>(intermediate hosts)>human (definitive hosts) |
| Fluke characteristics | suckers at one end attaches to organ (liver fluke), damage when many worms cause blockage interfere w/ organ function |
| Fluke targets | intestines, lungs, liver, blood, bladder, skin, gall bladder |
| Tapeworm description | can reach 45 meters long. head (scolex), & series of segments terminal proglotted houses eggs |
| eat under cooked meat? | get tapeworms & flukes |
| Roundworm types | pinworms whipworms eyeworms |
| Roundworms are | common, soil & water all over planet Digestion: two openings separate sexes infects people via meats, diapers, pets, fruits & vegies |
| Roundworm diseases in humans | Trichinosis: pork, Hookworm disease: lungs cough & swallow; pinworm: rectum; anisakiasis: sushi disease; eyeworm: fly africa |
| elephantiasis is | Lymphatic Filariasis (roundworm) |
| Sterilization is | complete removal of all life forms |
| Thermal death time | time needed to kill a population of cells |
| features of Autoclave | moisture, high pressure, hot temp penetrates microbes & kills them in 45 minutes |
| 121c | min temp in autoclave |
| PV = nRT | ideal gas law |
| Pasteurization | Does not sterilize, kills human pathogens, kills food spoilage organisms, doesn't kill thermophiles |
| UV light | Damages microbe DNA (makes TT dimers), used on food products, kills microbes n surfaces & the air |
| Ultra sound cleaning | cold boiling |
| the 4 levels of physical control | Sterilize, Disinfect, Sanitize, Degerm |
| How are chemical agents measured? | PC test, phenol coefficient, all disinfectants compared to phenol |
| how does it work? Phenol | Denatures proteins, Benzene rings w/ -OH group, chemically modified now, sucrets, cresols. |
| how does it work? Halogens | Group VII wants 1 e- so steals it from microbe (iodizing microbes), Chlorine (pools), Fluorine (toothpaste), Iodine (wounds) |
| how does it work? Heavy Metals | works by cross linking proteins, mercury (wounds), copper (grapes), silver nitrate (burns) |
| how does it work? Alcohols | dissolves lipids in cell membranes. 63% kills bacterocidal, 40% bacteriostatic |
| how does it work? Aldehydes | cross links proteins together, embalming (Formulin), sterilization, endoscopes (Glutaraldehyde) |
| Gases used in chemical control? | Ethylene Oxide, Chlorine Dioxide, crosslinks proteins, kills spores |
| how does it work? Detergents | positively charged, solubalize neg cell membranes (soaps, shampoos) |
| how does it work? Dyes | Bind to DNA interfere w/ replication, kills fungi in mouth (gentian violet), used on wounds (acridine orange) |
| how does it work? Acids | Lowers the pH, most bacteria are neutaphiles, vineger, benzoic acid: acne |
| Antibiotics are | made by microbes to kill other microbes, natural, |
| Chemotheraputic agents are: | synthisized in lab |
| Paul Ehrlich | the magic bullet - Salversan (arsnic & phenol) syphilis |
| Sulfanamides | made from a dye, competitive inhibitor (takes substrates place) |
| Domaqk discovered: | Sulfonamides, saved his daughter (Bactrim) |
| Acyclovir is | competitive inhibitor (DNA), mimics the G in ATCG, Herpes (works because herpes lives in nerve cells which don't divide, so don't need ACTG), base analogue |
| cell membrane inhibitor (antibiotic) | polymyxin B binds to phospholipids. Disrupts the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria. Since cell membrane not exposed in Gram positive bacteria polymyxin has no effect. This drug is toxic to human cells, limited clinical use. |
| Types of antibiotic action cell wall | Penicillin Stops peptidoglycan production (gram neg) |
| Types of antibiotic action Stops protein synthesis | Aminoglycocides/ streptomycin (all mycins) binds to bacterial ribosomes; Translation blockers: Tetracyclines (broad spectrum), Chloramphenicol (binds ribosomes, stops translation) mennigitis |
| Types of antibiotic action pokes holes in cell membrane | Polymyxin B, binds to phospholipids, Gram neg infections |
| Types of antibiotic action Nucleic Acid | Rifampicin: binds to RNA polyamerase (stops transcription) TB Leprosy MRSA |
| 4 antibiotic resistance mechanisms | 1) reduce permiability to A 2) pump out A 3) mutate so A can't bind 4) make enzyme to degrade A |
| Drug against malaria parasites? | Quinine for Malaria (plasmodium) |
| Endosymbians | (work in tandom) ex: caduceria in termite gut digests cellulose |
| Mychorrizae | The largest organism on earth, fungal associations with plant roots, fungal mutualism, gives water gets sugars |
| Fungal lifecycle - Asexual | Mycelium>spore producing structure>spores>germination (less variety) |
| Fungal lifescycle - sexual Mitosis (most do both) | Mycelium > fusion of cells/hyphae (+/-) Heterokaryon (fruiting body-Dikaryotic)> Fusion of nuclei >Diploid zygote > Meiosis (splits # of chromosomes)>Spores Haploid> germination> produce +/- hyphae/mycelium > +/- unite> heterokaryotic mycelium |
| Aspergillus | produces aflatoxin > carcinogen (liver cancer), contaminates wheat, corn & peanuts, breathe spores = Aspergillosis |
| Edward Jenner | Cowpox > smallpox |
| HHV8> Kaposis sarcoma, HPV> cervical cancer, Epstien Barr> Burketts Lymphoma | cancers caused by viruses, cause cells to mutate, oncogenic (esp herpes) |
| Regressive hypothosis | viruses came from bacteria that lost function/ independence |
| Progressive hypothosis | DNA plasmids gained genes for capsid |
| Amoeba pseudo-pods are cytoplasm squeezed by... | actin/ myosin |
| How does it work? - Heat | Proteins denature, water evaporates, cell membranes disrupt |
| Thermal death point | min temp needed to kill a population |
| Direct Flame | 2000 degrees, Incinerate livestock w/ anthrax, hospital red bags |
| How does it work? Filtration | Purify liquids & air, traps microbes larger than pore size (,2 Micrometer), Hepa, cellulose, glass, diatomaceous earth, not viruses |
| Lister | Phenol |
| Competitive inhibitors | synthetic substance almost the same as a substrate or DNA, can be used to fool the virus into using it in metabolism & deactivating. |
| Antibiotic susepitbility assays | Disk diffusion, MIC assay |
| AZT, Acyclavier | Anti viral agents/ inhibitors |
| base analogues | resembles (analogous) nucleotide base of DNA (G in ATCG) |
Created by:
onesmartgirl
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