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Supreme Court Cases
Important Cases
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Court established its role as arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws; principle of judicial review | Marbury v. Madison (1803) |
| Decision stems from Yazoo land cases, 1803, and upheld sanctity of contracts | Fletcher v. Peck (1810) |
| Court ruled that states cannot tax federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States | McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) |
| New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter; Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of U.S. Constitution; upheld sanctity of contracts | Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) |
| Clarified the commerce clause of and affirmed the Congressional power over interstate commerce | Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) |
| Established Indian tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes | Johnson v. McIntosh (1823) |
| Tribes were domestic dependent nations; US like a guardian to the tribes; should establish a trust relationship with tribes directly under federal authority | Cherokee Nation v. George (1831) |
| Established tribal autonomy within their boundaries, i.e. the tribes were "distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries within which their authority is exclusive" | Worcester v. Georgia (1831) |
| Interests of the community are more important than the interests of business; the supremacy of society's interest over private interest | Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837) |
| Declared labor unions were lawful organizations and that the strike was a lawful weapon | Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) |
| Taney ruled that Dred Scott was not a citizen and had no standing in court; Scott's residence in a free state and a free territory had not made him free since he returned to Missouri; Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in a territory | Scott v. Sanford (1857) |
| Ruled that a civilian cannot be tried in military courts while civil courts are available | Ex Parte Milligan (1866) |
| Allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads; private companies could be regulated in the public interest if that company could be seen as a utility operating in the public interest | Munn v. Illinois (1877) |
| A single decision on a group of cases with similar legal problems; legalized segregation with regard to private property | Civil Rights Cases of 1883 |
| Declared state-passed Granger laws that regulated interstate commerce were unconstitutional because they limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce | Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway Company v. Illinois (1886) |
| found that the Granger law regulations were violations of the 5th Amendment right to property | Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railroad Co. v. Minnesota (1890) |
| Declared the income tax under the Wilson-Gorman Tariff to be unconstitutional | Pollock v. The Farmers Loan and Trust Co. (1895) |
| Due to narrow interpretation of the Sherman Anti-trust Act, the Court undermined the authority of the federal government to act against monopolies | U.S. v. E.C. Knight Co. (1895) |
| Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal" | Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |
| Confirmed the right of federal government to place tariffs on goods entering the U.S. from U.S. territories on the grounds that "the Constitution does not follow the flag" | Downes v. Bidwell (Insular Cases) (1901) |
| Re-established authority of federal government to fight monopolies under the Sherman Anti-trust Act | Northern Securities Co. v. U.S. (1904) |
| Declared unconstitutional a New York act limiting working hours of bakers due to a denial of the 14th amendment rights | Lochner v. New York (1905) |
| First case to use the "Brandeis Brief"; recognized 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on grounds of health and community concerns | Muller v. Oregon (1908) |
| Declared the Keating-Owen Child Labor Act unconstitutional on the grounds that it was an invasion of state authority | Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) |
| Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if dangerous | Schenck v. U.S. (1919) |
| Declared unconstitutional a minimum wage law for women on the grounds it denied women freedom of contract | Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923) |
| Unanimously declared the National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional: the act delegated legislative power to the executive; lack of constitutional authority for such legislation; sought to regulate businesses wholly intrastate in character | Schechter v. U.S. (1936) "sick-chicken case" |
| Upheld the internment of Japanese Americans stating that in times of war, curbing civil rights was justified and that the Court could not second-guess military decisions; federal gov't formally apologized in 1988, paid surviving families $20,000 | Korematsu v. U.S. (1941) |
| Forbade internment of Japanese Americans born in the United States (Nisei) | Ex Parte Endo (1944) |
| Reversed the "separate but equal" doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson; Court ruled that separate facilities were inherently unequal and ordered public schools to desegregate | Brown v. Board of Education (1954) |
| Ruled that school prayer is unconstitutional | Engle v. Vitale (1962 |
| Held that all persons charged with a felony (later expanded) had right to be provided legal counsel | Gideon v. Wainright (1963) |
| Said that police must honor a person's request to ave an attorney present during interrogation | Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) |
| Protects the rights of the accused when arrested:have right to remain silent, told that whatever they say can be used against them,right to be represented by an attorney,right to a lawyer even if they can't afford one, right to one call to obtain a lawyer | Miranda v. Arizona (1966) |
| Declared all laws against interracial marriage unconstitutional | Loving v. Virginia (1967) |
| Firmly protected freedom of the press; Justice Dept. tried to block NYT from publishing Pentagon Papers, Court said no | New York Times Co. v. U.S. (1971) |
| Decision that ruled first trimester abortions were allowed; all state laws prohibiting such abortions were made unconstitutional; decision based on woman's right to privacy; criticized by Roman Catholics and right-to-life groups | Roe v. Wade (1973) |
| Rejected Richard Nixon's claim to an absolutely unqualified privilege against any judicial process | U.S. v. Richard Nixon (1974) |
| Upheld university's use of race in its admissions decisions; found that Bakke, a white, should have been admitted to the medical school; banned use of racial quotas | Bakke v. Regents of the University of California (1978) |
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