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Blood Disorders
Hematologic System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the side effects of anticoagulants | Bleeding |
| What is another name for WBC's | Leukocytes |
| A deficiency in factor VIII required for blood clotting is found in what blood disorder? | Hemophilia A |
| What is the name of the immature, undifferentiated cells that are capable of maturing into different types of blood cells depending on the body's needs? | Stem cells |
| What is a type of platelet inhibitor that prevents platelets from clumping together called? | Aspirin |
| What is a type of cancer with uncontrolled production of immature WBC's in the bone marrow? | Leukemia |
| A key feature of the RBC is that it combines loosely with what? | Oxygen |
| What type of drug interferes with one or more steps of the blood clotting cascade and has no effect on existing clots? | Anticoagulant |
| What is the life span of a RBC? | 120 days |
| What is the name of a blood test that measures how long bloood takes to clot? | Prothrombine time |
| What is another name of a RBC? | erythrocyte |
| Anemia is a clinical sign, not a what? | Disease |
| What is it called when localized blood clotting occurs in damaged blood vessels while blood continues to circulate? | Hemostasis |
| What are the 2 accessory organs in the hematological system | Spleen and liver |
| What type of people have an increased risk for vitamin B12 deficiency anemia? | Vegetarians |
| What sticks to injured blood vessel walls and forms a plug that stops the flow of blood? | Platelets |
| What is the normal range of a RBC? | 4.2-6.1 million |
| What is the normal level of WBC's? | 4,500-10,000 |
| What is the purpose of the WBC's? | Critical for inflammation and immunity response |
| What is the normal range of platelets? | 150,000-400,000 |
| What is a RBC disease thats main problem is with the formation of abnormal Hgb chains? | Sickle cell anemia |
| What is the genetic disorder that results in chronic anemia, pain, disability, organ damage, increased risk for infection, and early death? | Sickle cell anemia |
| Name 7 conditions that cause sickling. | Hypoxia, dehydration, infection, venous stasis, strenuous exercise, anesthesia, and a decreased environmental/body temperature |
| What are 5 reasons people with sickle cell anemia are hospitalized? | Pain management, oral/IV hydration, O2 therapy, complementary therapy, transfusion therapy |
| For those clients with sickle cell anemia, what type of complementary therapies are ordered? | Quiet environment, relaxation techniques, and distraction |
| What type of cardiovascular changes are found during a crisis in clients with sickle cell anemia? | SOB, tachycardia, hypotention, arrhythmia |
| Pain can occur in the extremities from moderate exercise if a client has what blood disorder? | Sickle cell anemia |
| Confusion because of hypoxia can cause behavioral changes in what blood disorder? | Sickle cell anemia |
| A client with what blood disorder may have delayed growth and a small stature? | Sickle cell anemia |
| What type of skin changes can occur in clients with sickle cell anemia? | Pale, cyanotic, or jaundice (if liver is involved), itching, ulcers and sore from poor circulation |
| Spleen and liver enlargement may be found in clients with what blood disorder? | Sickle cell anemia |
| What are potential causes of iron deficiency anemia? (remember BAD) | Blood loss (injury, heavy menses), poor intestinal absorption, inadequate diet |
| What vitamin helps with iron absorption? | Vitamin C |
| Name 6 foods that are high in iron | Fortified cereal, red meat, green leafy veggies, whole grains, nuts/peanut butter, and dried fruits (raisons, prunes) |
| What 3 things are done to treat a client with iron deficiency? | Look for abnormal bleeding, diet, supplements |
| How much iron does a health normal adult have and where in the body is it found? | 2-6 grams, 1/3 found in bone marrow, spleen, liver and muscles, 2/3 found in Hgb |
| What are the 2 signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia? | Mild weakness and pale skin |
| How is iron deficiency diagnoses? | serum ferritin levels <12g/liter |
| What are 3 S/S of B12 deficiency? | Weakness, SOB, and paleness |
| What are 4 ways to treat B12 deficiency? (remember SIMpl D) | Vitamin suppliments, injections, monitor lab levels, and diet |
| What types of foods are high in vitamin B12? | Animal proteins such as eggs and dairy products |
| What are causes of vitamin B12 deficiency? | Poor intake of vitamin B12, poor absorption or failure to absorb B12 |
| Does vitamin B12 deficiency develop fast or slow? | Slowly |
| What is another name for B12 deficiency? | Megaloblastic or macrocytic anemia (large cell size) |
| Sometime clients have numbness and tingling of the hands and feet in what type of anemia? (DO NOT APPLY HEAT) | B12 |
| In what blood disorder are there too many RBC's? | Polycythemia |
| What blood disorder has a sustain elevation of Hgb, RBC, and Hct? | Polycythemia |
| What blood disorder is known as cancer of the RBC (malignant)? | Polycythemia |
| What does the skin and mucous membranes look like in patients with polycythemia? | Dark and flushed |
| What blood disorder has super thick blood? | Polycythemia Vera |
| In clients with polycythemia vera, massive or excessive amounts of what are produced? | RBC, WBC, and platelets |
| In clients with polycythemia vera, the blood is so thick that they develop what? | Hypertention (heart has to work harder) |
| What happens to the superficial veins in clients with polycythemia vera? | Become distended |
| Hypertention weight loss, fatigue, intense itching, enlarged hemmorrhoids, swollen, painful joints, enlarged firm spleen, chest pain, heart failure, stroke, and bleeding tendencies are S/S of what blood disorder? | Polycythemia Vera |
| Repeated phlebotomies to decrease the amount of blood in the system is a type of treatment for clients with what blood disorder? | Polycythemia Vera |
| Increased hydration in order to thin down the blood is a treatment recommended for clients with what blood disorder? | Polycythemia Vera |
| What are 7 types of treatments for clients who have polycythemia vera? (remember PHAT CRV) | Phlebotomies, hydration, anticoagulants, bone marrow transplant, oral chemo, radiation, venous return (TED, and elevate feet) |
| What is a type of cancer with uncontrolled production of immature WBC's (blast cells) in the bone marrow called? | Leukemia |
| What are the 3 most common nursing diagnosis for clients with leukemia? | Risk for infection, risk for injury, and fatigue |
| What are the 2 types of treatments for clients with leukemia? | Chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant |
| Bleeding is a problem with clients who have leukemia because of a decreased amount of platelets (thrombocytopenia) which leads to what 7 S/S associated with bleeding? | Bruises easily, increased menstral flow, rectal bleeding, nose bleeds, bleeding gums, hematurea, and prolonged bleeding with minor abrasions |
| What is a client who has leukemia getting when they receive an autologous transplant? | Their own stem cells |
| What type of bone marrow transplants are performed when marrow is recieved from a twin? | Syngeneic |
| Nutrition in important with clients who have leukemia because of what 2 S/S? | Anorexia and weight loss |
| What are 7 neuological/muscloskeletal S/S of a client who has leukemia? (remember FAB MASH potatos) | Headache, increased somnolence, decreased attention span, decreased alertness, behavioral changes, muscle weakness, and fatigue |
| What is the priority nursing care for clients with leukemia? | Prevent/manage infection and bleeding |
| What are 2 possible causes of hodgkin's lymphoma? | Viral infections and exposure to chemical agents |
| What distinguishes hodgkin's lymphoma from other lymphomas? | Reed-Sternberg cell |
| What are 4 S/S of hodgkin's lymphoma? | Large painless lymph nodes in the neck, fever, malaise, and night sweets |
| Where in the body does hodgkin's lymphoma occur? | In single lymph node OR single chain of nodes which spreads to nearby lymph nodes and eventually non-lymphoid tissue |
| What does stage a, b, and c mean? | a=without symptoms, b=with symptoms, and c=spleen involvement |
| What does stage I mean? | Single lymph |
| What does stage II mean? | Two lymph usually on the same side of the body |
| What does stage III mean? | Two or more bilateral lymph |
| What does stage IV | Metastisized |
| What is the most curable cancer? | Hodgkins |
| What type of treatment is used for stage I and II of hodgkin's? | Radiation |
| What type of treatment is used for stage III and IV of hodgkin's? | Radiation and chemotherapy combination |
| What are problems of the skin found with radiation treatment? | Burns, or infection at the radiation site |
| What in a side effects found in males from chemo and radiation? | Sterility |
| What are 4 side effects of chemo and radiation treatment? | N/V, impaired hepatic function, and increased bleeding |
| What type of disorder is ITP? | Platelet disorder |
| What type of disorder is Hemophilia? | Clotting disorder |
| What are the 2 types of coagulation disorders? | Platelet and clotting factor disorders |
| What are 4 S/S of ITP? | Ecchymoses (bruise), petechiae, mucosal bleeding and anemia from loss of blood |
| What is an independent action of the nurse in the treatment of ITP? | Maintain a safe environment (free from injury) |
| Low Hct and Hgb levels, low platelet count, anti-platelet antibodies detected in the blood and large # of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow diagnose what blood disorder? | Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura |
| What blood disorder shows a total number of circulating platelets is reduced although platelet production in bone marrow is normal? | Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura |
| What is a potential complication of ITP? | Intracranial bleed-induced stroke |
| In what blood disorder does the platelet destruction exceed that of production? | ITP |
| What are the 2 types of hemophilia? | A and B |
| What type of hemophilia accounts for 80% of all cases and which on accounts for 20%? | A=80% and B= 20% |
| Does hemophilia affect mainly males or females? | Males |
| What type of hemophilia is deficient in factor 8 and which on is deficient in factor 9 | A=8 and B=9 |
| What type of hereditary trait is hemophilia? | X-linked recessive trait which is usually passed from mother to son |
| What are 5 treatment for clients with hemophilia? | Replace missing factor, DDAVP (antidiuretic), corticosteroids, NSAID's, and R-I-C-E |
| What does the acrynem for R-I-C-E mean in the treatment of hemophilia? | Rest, ice, compression, elevate |
| Prolonged PTT, normal bleeding time, normal PT are all used to diagnose what type of blood disorder? | Hemophilia |
| Abnormal bleeding, poor response to trauma, increased length of bleeding time, bruises easily, and joint and muscle hemorrhage are S/S of what blood disorder? | Hemophilia |
| What type of blood disorder is refered to the Christmas disease? | Hemophilia type B |
| In what blood disorder does platelet plugs form at the bleeding site, but clotting factor deficiency impair clotting response and fibrin clots do not form? | Hemophilia A and B |
Created by:
seshelby62
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