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Blood & Lymph Ch 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| agglutination | the clumping of cells as a result of interaction with specific antibodies called agglutinins. |
| albumin | a plasma protein. it helps maintain the blood volume and blood pressure |
| allergen | a substance that can produce a hypersensitive reaction in the body. |
| allergy | a hypersensitive reaction to normally harmless antigens, most of which are environmental. |
| anaphylaxis | an exaggerated life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction to a previously encountered antigen. |
| anisocytosis | an abnormal condition of the blood characterized by red blood cells of variable and abnormal size. |
| antibodies | substances produced by the body in response to bacteria, viruses, or other foreign substances. |
| antigens | a substance, usually a protein, that causes the formation of an antibody and reacts specifically with that antibody. |
| ascites | an abnormal intraperitoneal accumulation of a fluid containing large amounts of protein and electrolytes. |
| basophil | a granulocytic white blood cell characerized by cytoplasmic granules that stain blue when exposed to a basic dye. (1% or less of WBC) |
| bilirubin | the orange-yellow pigment of bile formed principally by the breakdown of hemoglobin in RBC's after termination of their normal life span. |
| coagulation | the process of transforming a liquid into a solid, especially of the blood. |
| corpuscle | any cell of the body; a red or white blood cell |
| differentiation | a process in development in which unspecialized cells or tissues are systemically modified and altered to achieve specific and characteristic physical forms, physiologic functions, and chemical properties |
| dyscrasia | an abnormal condition of the blood or bone marrow, such as leukemia, aplastic anemia, or prenatal Rh incompatibility. |
| edema | the abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues |
| electrophoresis | the movement of charged suspended particles through a liquid medium in response to changes in an electric field. Charged particles of a given substance migrate in a predictable direction and at a characteristic speed |
| enzyme | an organic substance that initiates and accelerates a chemical reaction |
| eosinophil | a granulocytic, bilobed leukocyte somewhat larger than a neutrophil characterized by large numbers of coarse, refractile, cytoplasmic granules that stain with the acid dye eosin |
| erythremia | an abnormal increase in the number of RBC's |
| erythroblast | an immature RBC |
| erythrocyte | a mature RBC |
| erythropoiesis | the process of RBC production |
| erythropoietin | a hormone synthesized mainly in the kidneys and released into the bloodstream in response to anoxia. The hormone acts to stimulate and regulate the production of erythrocytes and is thus abble to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. |
| fibrin | a stringy, insoluble protein that is the substance of a blood clot |
| fibrinogen | a plasma protein converted into fibrin by thrombin in the presence of calcium ions. |
| globin | a group of four globulin protein molecules that become bound by the iron in heme molecules to form hemoglobin |
| globulin | a plasma protein made in the liver. Globulin helps in the synthesis of antibodies. |
| granulocyte | a type of leukocyte characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic granules |
| hematologist | a medical specialist in the field of hematology |
| hematology | the scientific study of blood and blood-forming tissues |
| heme | the pigmented, iron-containing, nonprotein portion of the hemoglobin molecule. Heme binds and carries oxygen in the RBC's, releasing it to tissues that give off excess amounts of CO2 |
| hemoglobin | A complex protein-iron compound in the blood that carries oxygen to the cells from the lungs and co2 away from the cells to the lungs. |
| hemolysis | the breakdown of RBC's and the release of hemoglobin that occurs normally at the end of the life span of a red cell |
| hemorrhage | a loss of a large amount of blood in a short period of time, either externally or internally. it can be arterial, venous, or capillary. |
| hemostasis | the termination of bleeding by mechanical or chemical means or by the complex coagulation process of the body, consisting of vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, and thrombin and fibrin synthesis |
| heparin | a naturally occurring anticlotting factor present in the body |
| hyperalbuminemia | an increased level of albumin in the blood |
| hyperlipemia, hyperlipidemia | an excessive level of blood fats, usually caused by lipoprotein lipase deficiency or a defect in the conversion of low-density lipoproteins to high-density lipoproteins |
| ion | an electrically charged particle |
| leukocyte | a WBC, one of the formed elements of the circulating blood system |
| leukocytopenia | an abnormal decrease in number of WBC's to fewer than 5000 cells per cubic millimeter |
| megakaryocyte | an extrememly large bone marrow cell |
| monocyte | a large mononuclear leukocyte |
| myeloid | of or pertaining to the bone marrow or the spinal cord |
| neutrophil | a polymorphonuclear (multilobed nucleus) granular leukocyte that stains easily with neutral dyes. |
| pancytopenia | a marked reduction in the number of the RBC's, WBC's, and platelets |
| pica | a craving to eat unusual, non-food substances, including but not limited to things such as clay, dirt, starch, chalk, glue, ice, and hair. this appetite disorder occurs w/ some nutritional deficiencies (iron deficiency anemia)& can occur w/pg |
| plasma | the watery, straw-colored, fluid portion of the lymph and the blood in which the leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets are suspended. |
| platelet | a clotting cell; a thrombocyte |
| prothrombin | a plasma protein precursor of thrombin. It is synthesized in the liver if adequate vit K is present |
| reticulocyte | an immature erthrocyte characterized by a meshlike pattern of threads and particles at the former site of the nucleus |
| septicemia | systemic infection in which pathogens are present in the circulating bloodstream, having spread from an infection in any part of the body |
| seroconversion | a change in serologic tests from negative to positive as antibodies develop in reaction to an infection or vaccine |
| serology | the branch of laboratory medicine that studies blood serum for evidence of infection by evaluating antigen-antibody reactions. |
| serum | also called blood serum. The clear, thin, and sticky fluid portion of the blood that remains after coagulation. Serum contains no blood cells, platelets, or fibrinogen |
| splenomegaly | an abnormal enlargement of the spleen |
| stem cell | a formative cell; a cell whose daughter cells may give rise to other cell types |
| thrombin | an enzyme formed form prothrombin, calcium, and thromboplastin in plasma during the clotting process. It causes fibrinogen to change to fibrin, which is essential in the formation of a clot. |
| thrombocyte | a clotting cell; a platelet |
| thrombocytopenia | an abnormal hematologic condition in which the number of platelets is reduced |
| thromboplastin | a complex substance that initiates the clotting process by converting prothrombin into thrombin in the presence of calcium ion |
| thrombus | a clot |
| Ab | antibody |
| Ag | antigen |
| ABO | blood groups: A, AB, B, & O |
| AHF | antihemophilic factor |
| AHG | antihemolytic globulin |
| ALL | acute lymphatic leukemia |
| AML | acute myelogenous leukemia |
| BMT | bone marrow transplant |
| CBC | complete blood(cell) count |
| CLL | cholesterol-lowering lipid OR chronic lymphocytic leukemia |
| diff.diag. | differential diagnosis |
| eos. | eosinophil |
| ESR | erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
| G-CSF | graulocyte colony-stimulating factor |
| GM-CSF | granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor |
| Hb, Hbg, Hgb | hemoglobin |
| Hct | hematocrit |
| HDL | high-density lipoprotein |
| IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM | immunoglobulin A, D, E, G, M |
| LDL | low-density lipoprotein |
| lymph | lymphocyte |
| MCH | mean cell hemoglobin |
| MCHC | mean cell hemoglobin concentration |
| MCV | mean cell volume |
| mono. | monocyte |
| poly. | polymorphonuclear leukocyte |
| PMN | polymorphonuclear neutrophil (leukocytes) |
| PA | pernicious anemia |
| PT | prothrombin time |
| PTT | partial thromboplastin time |
| RBC | red blood cell (erythrocyte) |
| segs | segmented neutrophils |
| VLDL | very-low-density lipoprotein |
| WBC | white blood cell (leukocyte) |
| acquired immunity | immunity that is a result of the body developing the ability to defend itself against a specific agent, as a result of having had the disease or from having received an immunization against a disease |
| adenoids | masses of lymphatic tissue located near the opening of the nasal cavity into the pharynx; also called the pharyngeal tonsils |
| edema | the accumulation of fluid within the tissue spaces |
| hypersensitivity | an abnormal condition characterized by an excessive reaction to a particular stimulus |
| immune reaction (immune response) | a defense function of the body that produces antibodies to destroy invading antigens and malignancies |
| immunity | the state of being resistant to or protected from a disease. The individual is said to be "immune" |
| immunization | the process of creating immunity to a specific disease |
| immunologist | the health specialist whose training ande experience is concentrated in immunology |
| immunology | the study of the reaction of tissues of the immune system of the body to antigenic stimulation |
| immunotherapy | a special treatment of allergic responses that administers increasingly large doses of the offending allergens to gradually develop immunity. |
| local reaction | a reaction to treatment that occurs at the site it was administered |
| lymph | interstitial fluid picked up by the lymphatic capillaries and eventually returned to the blood. once the interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic vessels, it is knows as lymph |
| lymphadenopathy | any disorder of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels, characterized by localized or generalized enlargement |
| lymphocyte | small, agranulocytic leukocyts originating from fetal stem cells and developing in the bone marrow |
| macrophage | any phagocytic cell involved in the defense against infection and in the disposal of the products of the breakdown of cells. macrophages are foiund in the lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lungs, brain, and spinal cord |
| natural immunity | immunity with which we are born; also called genetic immunity |
| pathogens | disease-producing microorganisms |
| phagocytosis | the process of a cell engulfing and destroying bacteria |
| resistance | the body's ability to counteract the effects of pathogens and other harmful agents |
| susceptible | a state of having a lack of resistance to pathogens and other harmful agents. |
| T cells | cells important to the immune response. they mature in the thymus, then enter blood and circulate throughout the body, providing defense against disease by attacking foreign, and/or abnormal cells. |
| tonsils | masses of lymphatic tissue located in a protective ring, just under the mucous membrane, surrounding the mouth and back of the throat |
| agglutin/o | to clump |
| aniso- | unequal |
| bas/o | base |
| blast/o, -blast | embryonic stage of development |
| chrom/o | color |
| coagul/o | clotting |
| cyt/o | cell |
| -emia | blood condition |
| eosin/o | red, rosy |
| -globin | containing protein |
| hem/o; hemat/o | blood |
| is/o | equal |
| kary/o | nucleus |
| leuk/o | white |
| -lytic | destruction |
| mono- | one |
| morph/o | form, shape |
| myel/o | bone marrow or spinal cord |
| nucle/o | nucleus |
| -oid | resembling |
| -osis | condition |
| -penia | decrease in; deficiency |
| -phage; phag/o | to eat |
| -philia | attraction to |
| -phoresis | transmission |
| -poiesis | formation |
| -poikil/o | varied; irregular |
| sider/o | iron |
| spher/o | round; sphere |
| -stasis | stopping or controlling |
| thromb/o | clot |
| immun/o | immune; protection |
| lymph/o | lymph |
| lymphaden/o | lymph gland |
| lymphangi/o | lymph vessel |
| mon/o | one |
| sarc/o | flesh |
| What are the body's two main fluids? | blood and lymph |
| How is blood circulated? | by the action of the heart through the arteries and veins |
| How does lymph move? | It is propelled in one direction, away from its source, through lymph vessels, to drain into large veins of the circulatory system and back to the heart |
| What does blood do? | Transports oxygen and nutrients to body cells, and removes CO2 and other waste products from body cells for elimination |
| What two things make up blood, and what is the percentage of each in the blood? | Plasma (55%), Formed elements (45%) |
| What are the formed elements of blood? | RBC's (erythrocytes), WBC's (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes) |
| What are the 3 plasma proteins and what do they do? | albumins (60%) - help maintain normal blood volume and BP. Globulins (36%) - transport lipids and fat-soluble vits in the blood, and function in immunity. Fibrinogen (4%) - Largest of the plasma proteins, fewest in #, essential in blood clotting |
| What is an erythrocyte, what does it look like, and what does it do? | Red Blood Cell, tiny biconcave-shaped disks, thinner in center than around edges, there is no nucleus in a mature RBC, life span 120 days, formed in bone marrow, main component hemoglobin. its primary function is to transport O2 & CO2. |
| What is a leukocyte, what does it do, and how is different than an erythrocyte? | WBC. It is the body's main defense against the invasion of pathogens. They are larger than erythrocytes, but fewer in #, a mature WBC has a nucleus, and it does not contain hemoglobin |
| What are the two categories of leukocytes? | Granulocytes and agranulocytes |
| What is the main difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes? | granulocytes contain gramules in their cytoplasm, and agranulocytes don't. |
| What are examples of granulocytes? | neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
| What are examples of agranulocytes? | monocytes and lymphocytes |
| What is similar between granulocytes and agranulocytes in the way they fight infection? different? | They both engulf and destroy bacteria. However agranulocytes can also produce antibodies that destroy bacteria and viruses. |
| What is another name for thrombocyte, and what is its purpose? | platelets, responsible for the clotting of the blood |
| What are the differences in human blood type due to? | the presence or absence of protein molecules |
| What will result if the wrong blood type is given? | the antibodies in the blood will attack the antigens in the "foreign" blood and result in agglutination |
| What are the four blood types and population percentage of each? | A - 41%, B - 10%, AB - 4%, O - 45% |
| What differentiates the four blood types? | The blood type corresponds to the antigen present on RBC, whatever antigen they have, the opposite antibody is present in the plasma. ie: Blood Type A has A-antigen on RBC and anti-B antibody in plasma. |
| What blood type is the universal donor? Universal recipient? | Type O - donor, Type AB - recipient |
| What is another antigen, besides A & B that can be present on the RBC? | Rh factor |
| What are the two concerns with the Rh factor? | 1. if Rh- blood exposed to Rh+ blood via transfusion, then the next transfusion, agglutination could occur. 2. Rh- mom giving birth to Rh+ baby can cause destruction of the fetal RBC's |
| What do platelets release during the process of clotting? | thromboplastin |
| What does thromboplastin do? | It converts prothrombin to thrombin |
| What does thrombin do? | converts fibrinogen into fibrin |
| What is blood serum? | the clear, thin, and sticky fluid portion of the blood that remains after coagulation, it contains no blood cells, platelets, or fibrinogen. Plasma - clotting factors = serum |
| What are the symptoms of anemia? | fatigue, paleness of skin, headache, fainting, tingling sensations and numbness, loss of appetite, swelling in lower extremities, dyspnea |
| What are the five types of anemia? | aplastic, hemolytic, iron deficiency (most common), pernicious, sickle cell |
| What is hemophilia? | different hereditary inadequacies of coagulation factors resulting in prolonged bleeding times - can cause extreme blood loss and can be fatal. |
| What is leukemia? | exessive uncontrolled increase in number of immature WBC's in the blood which eventually leads to infection, anemia and thrombocytopenia (reduction in platelets) |
| What is Polycythemia Vera? | abnormal increase in the number of RBC's, granulocytes, and thrombocytes leading to an increase in blood volume and viscosity resulting in congestion in spleen and liver |
| What does a bone marrow biopsy look for? | evaluates the number, shape, and size of the RBC's, WBC's, and platelet precursors. This is used to dx leukemias, some anemias, and decreased platelet counts. |
| What does a CBC include? | a series of test performed on peripheral blood, that inexpensively screens for problems in the body: RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC indicies, WBC count, WBC differential, blood smear, platelet count |
| What is the ESR used for? | measures the rate of RBC's settling out in a tube of unclotted blood, marker of inflammation |
| What is assessed with the Hct? | the RBC % in total blood volume, this is affected by such factors as dehydration, drugs, and high altitude |
| What is tested with the Hb/ Hgb/ Hbg test? | concentration measurement of hemoglobin in peripheral blood |
| What is tested with the DIFF? | It is the measurement of the percentage of each specific type of circulating WBC's present in one cubic mm of peripheral blood, it msrs neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, & basophils |
| What is bleeding time? | measurement of time required for bleeding to stop, especially relevant in pts taking blood thinners |
| What does the PTT test for? | evaluates blood clotting factors in the blood, determines how long it takes for fibrin clots to form, used to monitor heparin therapy |
| What does PT test for? | evaluates blood clotting factors, used to monitor coumadin therapy |
| What is the function of the lymphatic system? | it is important to the immune system, it produces antibodies and lymphocytes important to immunity. it also helps to maintain a balance of fluid in the internal environment. |
| What are the four parts of the lymphatic system? | lymph fluid, lymph vessels, lymph nodes (lymph glands), lymphatic organs |
| How are lymph vessels different from blood vessels? | lymph vessels do not form a closed circuit and they originate in intercellular spaces of soft tissues of the body |
| What are the smallest lymph vessels? | lymph capillaries |
| Where do lymph capillaries originate? | in the tissue spaces as blind-ended sacs |
| What do the lymph capillaries do? | pick up accumulated interstitial fluid and return it to the blood |
| What is the fluid inside the lymphatic vessel known as? | lymph |
| Are lymph vessels smaller or larger than capillaries? | larger |
| What do the lymph vessels do? | receive lymph from lymphatic capillaries, the valve prevents backward flow of fluid so that the lymph is only transported in one direction away from the tissue and toward the thoracic cavity |
| What are lymph nodes? | collections of lymphatic tissue, also called lymph glands |
| What does lymph do as it passes through the stationary lymph nodes? | old, dead cells and bacteria present are filtered out, macrophages engulf and destroy any bacteria present. |
| What are the two ducts of the lymphatic system? | Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct. |
| What does the thymus do? | secretes thymosin - stimulates red bone marrow to produce T lymphocytes (T-cells) which is important in immune response, the T-cells mature in the thymus |
| What is the largest lymphatic organ in the body? | the spleen |
| Where is the spleen located? | in the LUQ, just below diaphragm, behind stomach |
| What does the spleen do? | plays an important role in the immune response by filtering blood by removing pathogens & old RBC's |
| What are the tonsils? | masses of lymphatic tissue located in protective ring, just under the mucous membrane. They surround the mouth and back of throat and serve as the first line of defense from the external environment |
| What are the three lymphatic organs? | thymus, spleen, and tonsils |
| What is natural immunity? | immunity with which we are born, genetic |
| What is acquired immunity? | body has developed ability to defend itself against a specific agent, either through receiving an immunization or having had the particular disease. |
| What is immunization? | process of creating immunity to a specific disease |
| What is an immune reaction? | defense mechanism of the body, produces antibodies to destroy invading antigens and malignancies |
| What are some pathological conditions of the lymphatic system? | AIDS, Kaposi's Sarcoma, Lymphoma, mononucleosis |
| What are the diagnostic tests for AIDS? | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Western blot. |
Created by:
shelor74