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1915 - 1931
APUSH Review #7
| Term | Description | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| World War I | A war between the allies (Russia, France, the British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918 | First war that involved the entire world |
| Triple Alliance | Germany, Austria and Hungary formed an alliance for protection from the Triple Entente | Made the war larger than two countries |
| Triple Entente | Britain, France and Russia all had economic and territorial ambitions and they all disliked Germany, so they formed an alliance for protection | Made the war larger than two countries |
| Trench Warfare | A type of combat in which the enemies fight from a system of trenches | Allowed soldiers to shoot and be protected at the same time |
| U- Boats | A submarine of the German navy | Led to German policy of unrestricted submarine warfare |
| Lusitania | May 7, 1915, British passenger ships were regularly sunk by German subs, the Lusitania had Americans aboard and brought the U.S. into the war and eventually sunk | Germany promised to stop submarine warfare |
| Election of 1916 | The Democrats emphasized a program of domestic reform | Promised to keep the peace |
| Zimmerman telegram | Telegram sent to the German ambassador from the German minister suggesting an alliance between Mexico and Germany | It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilize against Germany, which had proven it was hostile. |
| General John J. Pershing | Military general who led his 11 thousand-man troops into Mexico to chase Villa | A year passed and the general didn’t find Villa. Carranza forced war on the bandits and put through a liberal constitution |
| Selective Service Act of 1917 and 1918 | All men between the ages of 21-30 (later 18-45) had to register for the service | By the time the lottery came around 24 million men were registered only 2 million Americans crossed the Atlantic and about 1.4 saw combat |
| Herbert Hoover | He led the Food Administration and started many programs to streamline food production and distribution. | Raised crop production while he reduced civilian use like “meatless Tuesdays” |
| Great Migration | Northern business sent recruiting agents into the Deep South to find workers for their factories and mills, and over 400,000 southern blacks | African Americans living in the north had rippled from the 1910 levels |
| George Creel | Organized a propaganda machine to convey the allies war aims to people where it might encouraged the forces of moderation | Mobilized public opinions |
| Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917 | Effectively outlawed criticism of government leaders and war policies | These laws led to more than 1500 prosecutions 1000 convictions |
| Schenck v. United States | Circulated a flyer to drafted men. The flyer cited the 13 amendments provision against “involuntary servitude” | Charged with conspiracy recently drafted soldiers to petition |
| October Revolution | The Russian government succumbed to a revolution, which promised the Russian people, “Peace, land, and Bread” | The Central Powers were now free to concentrate their forces on the western front |
| Western Front | Series of battles that took place in 1918 during WWI | Second Battle of Marne was the turning point. The allied morale was decreased |
| Second Battle of the Marne | American troops retook Cantiguy and held it. A marine brigade blocked the Germany Belleau Wood. | It had little military significance, their effort and allied morale was great |
| Meuse- Argonne | Employed American divisions in a drive toward the rail center at Sedan | - It supplied the entire German front. The largest American action of the war, it cost 117,000 American casualties, including 26,000 dead. |
| “Reds” | Nickname of the Russian Communists | The Bolsheviks were able to obtain their power, defeat the “whites”, and withdraw from the WWI. The Russians therefore they didn’t participate in the peace settlements |
| Fourteen Points | Wilson’s ideas that he wanted included in the WWI peace treaty | His most important was the League of Nations |
| Paris Peace Conference | President Wilson and the prime ministers of France, Britain, and Italy met in Paris on January 18, 1919 | Hoped to end the war |
| League of Nations | Devised by President Wilson, it reflected the power of large countries. | Would provide a forum for nations to discuss and settle their grievances without having to resort to war. |
| Versailles Treaty | The Palace of Versailles was the site of the signing of the peace treaty that ended WWI on June 28, 1919. | Created the League of Nations |
| Henry Cabot Lodge | Lodge was against the League of Nations, so he packed the foreign relations committee with crisis | Was successful in convincing the Senate to reject the treaty |
| Spanish Flu | During postwar life many Americans came down with the flu | More people died of the flu than in the war (22 million world wide and 500,000+ were Americans) |
| Red Scare | In 1919, the Communist Party was gaining strength in the U.S. | 4,000 “Communists” were jailed, some were deported |
| Nativism | An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840’s and 1850’s and again after WWI. | Limited immigration |
| Sacco and Vanzetti | Convicted on circumstantial evidence | Demonstrates the fear Americans had for immigrants |
| Ku Klux Klan | Based on the post-Civil War terrorist organization, the Invisible Empire of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan was founded in Georgia in 1915 by William Simmons to fight the growing "influence" of blacks, Jews and Catholics in US society | It experienced phenomenal growth in the 1920's, especially in the Midwest and Ohio Valley states. Its peak membership came in 1924 at 3 million members, but its reputation for violence led to rapid decline by 1929 |
| Fundamentalism | Protestant movement grounded in a liberal in interpretation of the Bible | They were skeptical of scientific knowledge and argued that all the knowledge people needed was in the Bible |
| Scopes “Monkey” Trial | Prosecution of Dayton John Scopes for violation of the Butler Act. | evolution vs. Creation |
| William Jennings Bryan | prosecuted the case “Monkey Trial” | Scopes was convicted and fined $100 |
| Clarence Darrow | Defended Scopes in the “Monkey Trial” | Scopes was convicted and fined $100 |
| Prohibition | 1919, the 18th Amendment outlawed the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors. | generated disrespect for the law but had other harmful effects |
| Women’s Christian Temperance Union | group of women who advocated total abstinence from alcohol | Influenced government to ban alcohol during the1920s |
| Eighteenth Amendment | The manufacture, sale or transportation of alcohol into the U.S. was prohibited. | The first bootleggers came about |
| Al Capone | An Italian crime boss in Chicago | Created organized crime |
| Jazz Age | African and European musical tradition blended together | Produced new music |
| The Jazz Singer | first feature length introducing sound into pictures | Films became more popular |
| Flappers | A fashion rebellion against prudishness | Women became more liberated to make own choices |
| F. Scott Fitzgerald | A famous writer whose works include The Great Gatsby | Showed life in the 1920’s |
| Nineteenth Amendment | Constitutional amendment passed in 1920 | Women were allowed to vote |
| Harlem Renaissance | Blacks showed a cultural expression in literary and artistic movement | Harlem was a center for blacks |
| Marcus Garvey | Black leader who advocated “black nationalism” | Give blacks more reason to fight for equal rights |
| NAACP | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People | Promote more blacks to fight for equal rights |
| Albert Einstein | German physicist | Made other scientists research the unknown including the atom |
| Werner Heisenberg | Pioneering German physicist | Proved that human knowledge had limits |
| Ezra Pound | Leader of imagist movement | New form of poetry was introduced |
| T.S. Eliot | Poet in America during WWI; born in St. Louis | In 1948 Eliot received the Nobel Prize for literature during a fellowship stay at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study |
| Ernest Hemingway | Wrote Farewell to Arms | Influenced the development of twentieth century fiction |
| William Faulkner | New southern Writer | A triumph of modern style |
| Election of 1920 | Republican, Warren G. Harding ran against democrat James Cox | This was the first election in which all women were allowed to vote |
| Warren G. Harding | 29th president of the U.S. | Only served 27 months into his term of presidency before dying of pneumonia |
| Andrew Mellon | A wealthy banker | helped organize Union Trust Company and Union Savings Bank of Pittsburgh |
| Teapot Dome scandal | Albert Fall illegally leased oil to Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny | Fall received gifts from the oilmen totaling about $404,000 |
| Ohio Gang | A group of officials within Warren G. Harding’s administration | Committed scandals like the Teapot Dome scandal |
| Election of 1924 | Coolidge ran against Davis | Coolidge won the election |
| Calvin Coolidge | The 30th president of the U.S | became the first President of the United States to deliver a political speech |
| Babbit | Novel by Sinclair Lewis | Showed the power of conformity |
| Federal Communications Commission | A radio commison that regulated industry | Made radio popular |
| Wright brothers | Made first airplane | Introduced new form of technology |
| Model T | Ford’s first car | Pioneered the assembly line |
| Yellow Dog contract | a legal contract or agreement made between an employer and an employee | prevented an employee from working for other employers in the same industry |
| Election of 1928 | Hoover vs. Smith | Herbert Hoover won |
| Herbert Hoover | 30th president of the U.S. | signed an act that made The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem |
| Stock Market Crash of 1929 | Much debt, stock prices spiraling up, over-production and under-consuming - the stock market crashed. Germany's default on reparations caused European bank failures, which spread to the U.S | led to the Great Depression |
| Great Depression | Millions were out of work | Hoover and Roosevelt took different approaches to handle the depression |
| Hooverilles | Shacks of tarpaper and iron along city dumps and railroad tracks. | Caused Hoover not to win re-election |
| Reconstruction Finance Corporation | Created in 1932 to make loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads, it was intended to provide emergency funds to help businesses overcome the effects of the Depression | It was later used to finance wartime projects during WW II. |
| Bonus Expeditionary Force | Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early | Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there. |
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