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APHG Chapter 8 Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anocracy | A system of government where elements of democracy and autocracy are employed |
| Autocracy | A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people. |
| Balance of Power | Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries. |
| Berlin Conference | Dividing up the continent of Africa among the various European imperial powers |
| Boundary | An invisible line that marks the outer limits of a state's territory |
| Capitalism | An economic system in which businesses are owned by private individuals and companies who are free to decide what to produce and how much to charge |
| Centripetal | An attitude that unifies people and enhances support for a state. |
| Centrifugal | Forces or attitudes that tend to divide a state. |
| City-state | A small sovereign state that is made up of a town or city and the surrounding area. |
| Containment Theory | The US theory that stated, if Communism in Asia could be contained in the area the system would eventually die out. |
| Colonialism | The process by which one nation exercises near complete control over another country which they have settled and taken over |
| Core | National or global regions where economic power, in terms of wealth, innovation, and advanced technology, is concentrated |
| Democracy | A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them |
| Devolution | The movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state or breakup of a large state (balkanization) into several independent ones |
| Domino Theory | The idea that if one land in a region came under the influence of Communists, then more would follow in a domino effect |
| Enclave | A country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country or wholly lying within the boundaries of another country |
| Exclave | A region of a country that is completely separated from the main body of that country, usually by the borders of another country |
| European Union | Economic alliance of major Western European nations that coordinate trade, immigration and labor policies, making its members |
| Federal State | A system of government where power is shared (in various arrangements) between a centralized government and various regional authorities |
| Geometric Boundary | A boundary created by using lines of latitude and longitude and their associated arcs |
| Gerrymandering | Process of re-drawing political voting districts to favor one political party |
| Heartland Theory (Mackinder) | Whoever owns the heartland of Eastern Europe will control the world |
| Imperialism | The practice of a country extending its power and influence over other countries, typically through the use of military force, economic coercion, or cultural domination |
| Landlocked State | A state that is completely surrounded on all sides by other countries that has no direct access to the ocean |
| Microstate | A country that is small in both population and area |
| Multiethnic State | A state that contains more than one ethnicity. |
| Multinational State | A country with multiple culture groups or multiple ethnic groups under a single government |
| Nation | A group of people bound together by some sense of a common culture, ethnicity, language, shared history, and attachment to a homeland |
| Nation-state | A country whose political boundaries correspond with its cultural boundaries |
| NATO | The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), founded by non-communist countries as a political alliance agreeing to defend against communist advances. Then later it evolved into more of a complete military organization with a central command. |
| OPEC | The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an intergovernmental organization of 13 oil-producing countries that aims to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member states |
| Periphery | Countries that have a very low standard of living and low levels of industrial productivity |
| Ratzel's Organic Theory | A nation-state is similar to an organism in that both grow and expand to survive and prosper. |
| Reapportionment | The redistribution of seats in the U.S. House of Representatives based on changes in population. |
| Rimland Theory (Spykman) | Suggests that sea power is more valuable and that alliances will keep the heartland in check |
| Self-determination | Concept that every nation/ethnicity has the right to govern themselves |
| Semi-periphery | Newly industrialized countries with the median standards of living |
| Shapes of States | Compact; elongated or attenuated; fragmented; prorupted or protruded; perforated; and compound or complex |
| Sovereignty | The concept that a state has the supreme authority to govern itself and make decisions within its own borders without interference from other states or international organizations |
| State | A politically bound area controlled by an established government that has authority over its internal affairs and foreign policy. |
| Stateless Nation | A nation of people without a state that it considers home |
| Supranational Organization | Where three or more countries form an alliance for cultural, economic, or military reasons |
| Territoriality | The connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to where they live |
| Terrorism | The systematic use of violence to intimidate a population or coerce a government. |
| UN | An international organization formed in 1945 to increase political and economic cooperation among member countries. |
| Unilateralism | World order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision-making process. |
| Unitary State | A state where laws are administered uniformly by one central government. |
| Warsaw Pact | An alliance founded in 1955 between Eastern European countries to serve as a military and political unit of contiguous communist nations. |
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