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Unit 6 - Cities
Cities and Urban Land Use
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| City | A relatively large, densely populated settlement with a much larger population than rural towns and villages; cities serve as important commercial, governmental, and cultural hubs for their surrounding regions. |
| Urban | Relating to a city |
| Agricultural Surplus | Crop yields that are sufficient to feed more people than the farmer and his or her family |
| Socioeconomic Stratification | The structuring of society into distinct socioeconomic classes, including leadership (for instance, a government or ruling class that exercise control over goods and people) |
| First Urban Revolution | The agricultural and socioeconomic innovations that led to the rise of the earliest cities |
| Urban Hearth Area | Regions in which the world's first cities evolved |
| Site | An absolute location of a place on Earth |
| Situation | The relative location of a place in reference to its surrounding features, or its regional position with reference to other places. |
| Capitalism | An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit rather than owned and run by the state. |
| Communism | An economic and political system in which all property is publicly owned and managed |
| Streetcar Suburb | A settlement outside of a city with streetcar lines; the streetcars take residents into and out of the city easily |
| Second Urban Revolution | The industrial innovations in mining and manufacturing that led to increased urban growth |
| Redevelopment | A set of activities intended to revitalize an area that has fallen on hard times |
| Metropolis | A very large and densely populated city, particularly the capital or major city of a country or region |
| Urban Area | Any self-governing place in the United States that contains at least 2500 people |
| Urbanized Area | In the United States, an urban area with fewer than 50,000 inhabitants |
| Metropolitan Statistical Area | In the United States, a region with at least one urbanized area as its core. |
| Micropolitan Statistical Area | In the United States, a region with one or more urban clusters of at least 10,000 people as its cores |
| Urban Cluster | In the United States, an urban area with fewer than 50,000 inhabitants. |
| Suburb | A populated area on the outskirts of a city |
| Urbanization Rate | The percentage of a nation's population living in towns and cities |
| Suburbanization | The movement of people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts of a city |
| Sprawl | The tendency of cities to grow outward in an unchecked manner |
| Automobile Cities | Cities whose size and shape are dictated by and almost require individual automobile ownership |
| Decentralize | In an urban context, to move business operations form core city areas into outlying areas such as suburbs |
| Edge City | A concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment that developed in the suburbs, outside of a city's traditional downtown or central business district |
| Boomburb (also called boomburg) | A place with more than 100,000 residents that is not a core city in a metropolitan area; a large suburb with its own government. |
| Infill Development | The building of new retail, business, or residential spaces on vacant or underused parcels in already-developed areas. |
| Exurb | A semi-rural district located beyond the suburbs that is often inhabited by well-to-do families |
| World City | A city that is a control center of the global economy, in which major decisions are made about the world's commercial networks and financial markets (also called a global city) |
| Gated Community | Privately governed and highly secure residential area within the bounds of a city; often has a fence or a gate surrounding it. |
| Urban System | A set of interdependent cities or urban places connected by networks |
| Urban Hierarchy | A ranking of cities, with the largest and most powerful cities at the top of the hierarchy |
| Rank-Size Rule | The population of a settlement is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy |
| Primate City | A city that is much larger than any other city in the country and that dominates the country's economic, political, and cultural life |
| Central Place Theory | A model, developed by Walter Christaller, that attempts to understand why cities are located where they are |
| Central Place | A settlement that makes certain types of products and services available to consumers |
| Threshold | In central place theory, the number of people required to support a business |
| Range | In central place theory, the distance people will travel to acquire a good |
| Gravity Model | The idea that the closer two places are, the more they will influence each other |
| Concentric Zone Model | A model of a city's internal organization developed by E.W. Burgess organized in five concentric rings that model the arrangement of a different residential zones radiating outward from a central business district |
| Hoyt Sector Model | A model of a city's internal organization, developed by Homer Hoyt, that focuses on transportation and communicaiton as the drivers of a the city's layout |
| Multiple-Nuclei Model | A model of a city's internal organization, developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman, showing residential districts organized around several nodes (nuclei) rather than on central business district |
| Galactic City Model or Peripheral Model | A model of a city's internal organization in which the CBD remains central, but multiple shopping areas, office parks, and industrial districts are scattered throughout the surrounding suburbs and linked by metropolitan expressway systems |
| Griffin-Ford Model (Latin American City Model) | A model of the internal structure of the Latin American City developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford. Traditional elements of Latin American Culture blended with the modern forces of globalization. |
| Gentrification | The displacement of lower-income residents by higher-income residents as an area or neighborhood improves |
| Southeast Asian City Model | Developed by T.G. McGee modeled the internal organization of medium-size port cities in SE Asia. The focal point is not the CBD, but rather the old colonial port zone with surrounding commercial districts |
| Sub-Saharan African City Model | Cities of sub-Saharan Africa carry the imprint of European colonial powers. Cities in sub-Saharan Africa are likely to have three CBDs (Colonial, Traditional, Market) |
| Perceived Density | The general impression of a the estimated number of people present in a given area |
| Zoning Regulation | Laws that dictate how land can be used |
| Fiscal Squeeze | Occurs when city revenues cannot keep up with increasing demands for city services and expenditures on decaying urban infrastructure |
| Built Environment | The human-made space in which people live, owrk, and engage in leisure activities on a daily basis |
| Smart Growth | Policies that combat regional sprawl by addressing issues of population density and transportation |
| Compact Design | Development that grows up (in the form of taller buildings) rather than out (in the form of urban sprawl) |
| Diverse Housing Options | Policy that encourages building quality housing for people and families of all life stages and income levels in a range of prices within a neighborhood |
| New Urbanism | An approach to city planning that focuses on fostering European-Style cities of dense settlements, attractive architecture, and housing different types and prices within walking distance to shopping, restaurants, jobs, and public transportation |
| Greenbelt | A zone of grassy, forested, or agricultural land separating urban areas |
| Zoning | The classification of land according to restrictions on its use and development |
| Slow-Growth City | A city that changes its zoning laws to decrease the rate at which the city spreads horizontally, with the goal of avoiding the negative effects of sprawl |
| Anti-Displacement Tenant Activists | Advocates for poor and working-class residents who are at risk of losing their affordable housing to new development |
| de facto Segregation | Racial segregation that is not supported by law but is still apparent |
| Mortgage | A loan that is taken out to purchase a home |
| Redlining | The practice of identifying high-risk neighborhoods on a city map and refusing to lend money to people who want to buy property in those neighborhoods |
| Blockbusting | A practice in which realtors persuade white homeowners in a neighborhood to sell their homes by convincing them that the neighborhood is declining due to minority families moving in |
| White Flight | The mass movement of white people from the city to the suburb |
| Afforability | The maximum price that a buyer can afford to pay for a house or apartment |
| Housing Choice Voucher Program | A federal government to assist very-low-income families, the elderly, and the disabled with affordable, decent, safe, and sanitary housing |
| Violent Crime | A category of crime that includes murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assult |
| Social Controls | Formal or informal institutions that help to maintain law and order in a place |
| Environmental Injustice | Occurs when certain groups cary a larger share of environmental risks and hazards than groups who have the power to influence decisions about the environment |
| Environmental Racism | Occurs when areas inhabited by lower-income people of color are targeted for environmental contamination |
| Environmental Justice | The movement to fix environmental discrimination |
| Squatter Settlement | An area of degraded, seemingly temporary, inadequate, and often illegal housing |
| Land Tenure | The right to own or hold property; it defines the ways in which rights to that property are managed |
| Inclusionary Zoning (IZ) | Municipal and country planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable for people with low to moderate incomes |
| Exclusionary Zoning | Zoning that attempts to keep lower to moderate income people out of a neighborhood |
| NIMBY | Abbreviation for "Not in My Backyard"; term for people who try to prevent construction of affordable housing and other types of development in their neighborhood |
| Below Market Rate House | Housing that costs much less than the going rate |
| Urban Renewal | Large-scale redevelopment of the built environment in downtown and older inner-city neighborhoods |
| Fiscal Imbalance | Occurs when a government must spend more than it receives in taxes |
| Fiscal Zoning | The practice of using local land-use regulations to preserve and possibly enhance the local property tax base |
| Ecological Footprint | The total amount of natural resources used and their impact on the natural environment |
| Urban Heat Island | A mass of warm air in cities, generated by urban building materials and human activities that sits over a city |
| Urban Footprint | The spatial extent of an urban area's impacts on the natural environment |
| Urban Risk Divide | The idea that disasters and disaster risk become urban phenomena as the world's population becomes increasingly concentrated in large cities |
| Brownfields | Properties whose use or development may be complicated by the potential presence of hazardous substances or pollutants |
| Brownfield Remediation | The process of removing or sealing off contaminants so that a site may be used again without any health concerns |
| Phytoremediation | The removal of contaminants with plant species that react with or degrade contaminants or draw contaminants from the soil into shoots and leaves |
| Farmland Protection Policy Act (FPPA): | U.S. Law that grants municipalities oversight over federally funded development projects on farmland |
| Scattered Developments | Subdivisions or developments that do not border on existing settlements and that remove agricultural land from protection |
| Megacity | A city that has a very large and growing population of over 10 million people. |
| Metacity | Urban area with over 20 million people and are ranked by population size, whereas world cities are ranked in order of their importance to the global economy |
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