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Ch 14 Immunity/Infla
Periodontology DENT-130
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| immune system | collection of responses that protects the body against infections |
| host response | the way an individuals body responds to an infection |
| Leukocytes | white blood cells that act like independent single cell organisms able to move and capture microorganisms on their own |
| Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) | aka neutrophils, are short lived phagocytic rapid responders that play a key role in combating bacteria in plaque biofilm |
| Each mililiter of blood contains how many PMNS normally | 3000 to 6000. |
| Neutropenia | A PMN count of less than 1000/ml is considered |
| Macrophages | Found in the tissues, these leukocytes are large phagocytes with single kidney bean shaped nucleus and some granules, |
| Monocytes | when found in the bloodstream, macrophages are considered monocytes |
| Slower to arrive at the infection site than PMNs, often the most numerous cells in chronic inflammation | Macrophages |
| Lymphocytes | small WBCs that play an important role in recognizing and controlling foreign invaders |
| B-Lymphocytes | small leukocytes that help in the defense against bacteria, fungi and viruses. Primary function is to make antibodies. Can further differentiate into plasma B-cells and memory b-cells |
| Antibodies | Y shaped protiens. one end binds to a b-cell and the other end binds to a microorganism to help kill it |
| Immunoglobulins | IgD IgA IgM IgG IgE |
| T-lymphocytes | small leukocytes that enhance the function of other immune cells by releasing cytokines |
| Cytokines | any protein secreted by a cells that affect the behavior of nearby cells |
| Complement system | complex series of proteins circulating in the blood that work to facilitate phagocytosis or kill bacteria directly by puncturing cell membranes |
| Membrane attack complex | a protein unit created by the complement system to puncture cell membranes |
| opsonization | the most important function of complement system. Coating the surface of bacterium allowing the phagocytes to recognize, engulf and destroy |
| Principle functions of complement system | destruction of invaders by membrane attack protiens, targeting with opsonization, recruiting phagocytes and removing immunce complexes from circulation. |
| transendothelial migration | immune cells push between endothelial cells to enter the connective tissues |
| Chemotaxis | process by which leukocytes are attracted to the infection site in response to biochemical compounds released by the invading microorganisims |
| Phagocytosis | process by which leukocytes engulf and digest microorganisms. Finger like projections from the cytoplasm surround the invader |
| Phagosome | a phagocytic vesicle that surrounds the bacterium after it is ingested by a phagocyte |
| Phagolysosome | lysosome granules fused with the phagosome (vesicle). The bacteria is digested within the phagolysosome, and contents are ejected into surrounding tissues |
| Local tissue destruction from Phagocytosis | lysosomal enzymes and other bacterial products are released after phagocytosis, causing damage to tissues cells in the same manner that they damage invaders |
| Mediators of Periodontitis | cytokines, prostaglandins and matrix metalloproteinases |
| Inflammatory biochemical mediators | biologically active compounds secreted by cells that activate the body's inflammatory response |
| Chemokines | A major subgroup of cytokines cause additional immune cells to be attracted to the site of infection or injury |
| Acute inflammation | a short-term normal process that protects and heals the body following injury or infection. Achieved by increased movement of plasma and leukocytes from blood to tissue |
| C-reactive protein | released by the liver in response to cytokines released by PMNs, such as IL and TNF. Systemic diseases trigger increased levels of CRP. Inflames the arteries and promotes blood clot formation |
| homeostasis | the process of the body's tissue maintaining optimal state of being |
| resolution process | uses cells to provided stop signals that lead to shut down and clearance of immune cells |
| Periodontal diseases are classified by | dysfunction of the resolution pathways that shut down the acute inflammatory process, resulting in a failure of periodontal tissues to heal and a chronic, progressive, destructive, nonresolving inflammation. |
| Chronic inflammation | a long lived out of control inflammatory response that continues for more than a few weeks and results in varying degrees of tissue injury. |
| TNF-a | one of the principle cytokines secreted by macrophages that contributes to destruction that characterizes chronic inflammation |
Created by:
SonyaP
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