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History Exam I
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Interchangeable parts | -popularized in America when Eli Whitney used them to assemble muskets in the first years of the 19th century -allowed relatively unskilled workers to produce large numbers of weapons quickly and at lower cost |
| Central Pacific | -an American railroad company founded in 1861 by a group of California merchants known later as the "Big Four" -first American transcontinental rail line |
| Big business of railroads rates | -a powerful, inexpensive, and consistent form of transportation, railroads accelerated the development of virtually every other industry in the country, including iron, wood, coal, oil, and other related industries. |
| Jay Gould | -American railroad executive, financier, and speculator, an important railroad developer who was one of the most unscrupulous "robber barons" of 19th-century American capitalism |
| John D. Rockefeller | -the guiding force behind the creation and development of the Standard Oil Company, which grew to dominate the oil industry and became one of the first big trusts in the United States |
| Molly Maguires | -secret organization of coal miners supposedly responsible for acts of terrorism in the coalfields of Pennsylvania and West Virginia, U.S., in the period from 1862 to 1876 |
| American Federation of Labor (AFL) | -founded in Columbus, Ohio, in 1886 by an alliance of craft unions eager to provide mutual support and disappointed in the Knights of Labor -Samuel Gompers was its leader until 1924 |
| Samuel Gompers | -founded the American Federation of Labor and served as its president for nearly forty years, between 1886 and 1924, and the nation's leading trade unionist and labor spokesman |
| Eugene Debs | -an American Socialist leader and five time presidential candidate -in 1897 he created the Social Democratic Party of America -he received nearly one million votes for president while he was imprisoned in jail. |
| Railroad Act of 1862 | -designated the 32nd parallel as the initial transcontinental route, and provided government bonds to fund the project and large grants of lands for rights-of-way |
| "Hell on Wheels" | -when the Union Pacific Railroad crossed the Plains, large numbers of workers, hangers-on, and purveyors of vice congregated in temporary boom communities |
| Pool agreements | -agreements among competitors to divide markets and forbid price cutting |
| Cornelius Vanderbilt | -a self-made multi-millionaire who became one of the wealthiest Americans of the 19th century -known for his railroads and shipping companies |
| Andrew Carnegie | -a Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the most popular steel company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry |
| National Labor Union | -founded on August 20, 1866, in Baltimore, Maryland -it was the first attempt to create a national labor group in the United States and one of their first actions was the first national call for Congress to mandate an 8-hour work day |
| Terence Powderly | -American labor union leader, politician and attorney, best known as head of the Knights of Labor in the late 1880s. |
| Pullman Strike | -widespread railroad strike and boycott that severely disrupted rail traffic in the Midwest of the United States in June-July 1894. -the first major instance of "government by injunction" in the struggle between labor and capital |
| Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) | -labour organization founded in Chicago in 1905 by representatives of 43 groups -opposed the American Federation of Labor's acceptance of capitalism and its refusal to include unskilled workers in craft unions |
| Union Pacific Railroad (UPRR) | -created and funded by the federal government by Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864 -passed as war measures to forge closer ties with California and Oregon, which otherwise took six months to reach. |
| Promontory Point, Utah | -on 10 May 1869, of the first transcontinental railroad, which linked the Union Pacific on the east and the Central Pacific on the west. |
| J.P. Morgan | -financed railroads and helped organize U.S. Steel, General Electric and other major corporations -helped create the modern American economy -Chase Bank |
| Gospel of Wealth | -the idea that the richest Americans should actively engage in philanthropy and charity in order to close the widening gap between rich and poor (ex: donating millions to churches, schools, etc.) |
| Knights of Labor | -founded in 1869, was the first major labor organization in the United States -organized unskilled and skilled workers, campaigned for an eight hour workday -led by Terence Powderly |
| Haymarket Affair | -On May 4, 1886, a bomb detonates near Haymarket Square in Chicago after police arrive to break up a rally in support of striking workers -one of a number of strikes, demonstrations, and other events held by workers |
| New South | -rapid and far-reaching environmental, economic, and social transformations -substantial industrialization followed the expansion of rail networks across the region, and produced unprecedented changes in daily life for both urban and rural residents |
| Sharecropping | -system where the landlord/planter allows a tenant to use the land in exchange for a share of the crop |
| Redeemers/Bourbons | -the Southern wing of the Democratic Party -sought to regain their political power and enforce White supremacy |
| Convict Labor System | -a practice in Southern states during the Reconstruction period in which men convicted of crimes were leased out by the state governments to private companies to complete work |
| Segregation | -the action of separating people, historically on the basis of race and/or gender |
| Mississippi Plan | -In 1875 white conservatives in the state came up with this plan to insure their victory in the upcoming elections -used intimidation of black voters and outright fraud to guarantee that white Democrats would take control of the state government. |
| Booker T Washington | -African-American educator, author, orator, and advisor to presidents of the United States -a supporter of equal rights for African Americans |
| Henry Grady | -American journalist and orator who helped bring about industrial development in the South, especially through Northern investments, after the Reconstruction period (1865-77) -"The Spokesman of the New South" |
| John Ruffin Green | -tobacco manufacturer, created the Bull Durham company |
| tenancy | -an agricultural production system in which landowners contribute their land and often a measure of operating capital and management -possession of land or property as a tenant |
| disenfranchisement | -the act of depriving a person of the rights or privileges of a citizen, especially the right to vote |
| Civil Rights Cases (1883) | -all persons the enjoyment of transportation facilities, in hotels and inns and in theaters and places of public amusement regardless of race, color or previous condition of servitude. |
| lynch law | -a self-constituted court that imposes sentence on a person without due process of law |
| W.E.B. DuBois | -American sociologist, historian, author, editor, and activist who was the most important Black protest leader in the United States during the first half of the 20th century -shared in the creation of the NAACP in 1909 |
| New South Creed | -Historian Paul Gaston coined this term to describe the promises of visionaries like Grady, who said industrialization would bring prosperity to the region |
| American Tobacco Company | -founded in 1890 by J. B. Duke through a merger between a number of U.S. tobacco manufacturers including Allen and Ginter and Goodwin & Company |
| Crop Lien System | -a way for farmers, mostly black, to get credit before the planting season by borrowing against the value of anticipated harvests -allowed farmers to obtain supplies, such as food and seed, on credit from merchants |
| George Peabody | -an American financier and philanthropist -known as the father of modern philanthropy |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | -a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision ruling that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality, a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal" |
| Jesse Washington | -a 17-year-old Black teen lynched in Waco, Texas, by a white mob that accused him of killing Lucy Fryer, a white woman -early examples of lynching |
| poll taxes | -a tax that must be paid in order to vote, rather than a capitation tax simply |
| Myth of the New South | -the government tried to shape the South into something like the north (factories, lots of urbanization) but it failed due to lack of machinery and skilled workers |
| The "new" immigrant | -primarily from Southeastern Europe and Asia and made up a large part of the American immigrant population from 1890-1920 |
| Professionalism | -an occupational value that was important for the stability and civility of social systems |
| Herbert Spencer | -was an English sociologist and philosopher, an early advocate of the theory of evolution, who achieved an influential synthesis of knowledge, advocating the preeminence of the individual over society and of science over religion |
| Pragmatism | -thinking of or dealing with problems in a practical way, rather than by using theory or abstract principles |
| Darwinism | -theory of evolution developed by this English naturalist, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce |
| Granger movement | -coalition of U.S. farmers, particularly in the Middle West, that fought monopolistic grain transport practices during the decade following the American Civil War |
| Populism | -a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of "the people" and often juxtapose this group with "the elite" -it is frequently associated with anti-establishment and anti-political sentiment. |
| Omaha Platform | -suggested a federal loans system so that farmers could get the money they needed -also called for the elimination of private banks, and proposed a system of federal storage facilities for the farmers' crops. |
| American Protective Association (APA) | -an anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant group that briefly acquired a membership greater than 2,000,000 during the 1890s |
| Charles Darwin | -transformed the way we understand the natural world with ideas that, in his day, were nothing short of revolutionary -came up with Darwinism and natural selection -whites used his evolutionary theory to prove that blacks were less than whites |
| William Graham Sumner | -an American clergyman, social scientist, and neoclassical liberal -supported an extreme laissez-faire policy, opposing any governmental actions that obstructed natural economic affairs |
| Henry James | -American writer who lived in England -Wrote numerous novels around the theme of the conflict between American innocence and European sophistication/corruption, with an emphasis on the psychological motivations of the characters. |
| Farmers' Alliance | -an American agrarian movement during the 1870s and '80s that sought to improve the economic conditions for farmers through the creation of cooperatives and political advocacy |
| Williams Jennings Bryan | -ran three times as the Democratic party's nominee for President of the United States in the 1896, 1900, and 1908 elections. -advocated on behalf of the lower/middle class population against large corporations -advocated for unlimited coinage of silver |
| Ellis Island | -America's largest and most active immigration station, where over 12 million immigrants were processed |
| Social Darwinism | -"survival of the fittest" -the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better |
| Lester Frank Ward | -an American botanist, paleontologist, and sociologist -first president of the American Sociological Association -a pioneer in sociology |
| Reform | -to amend or improve by change of form or removal of faults or abuses |
| William McKinley | -an American politician who served as the 25th president of the United States from 1897 until his assassination in 1901 -strongly supported "sound money" policies and opposed silver coinage -advocated for reinvigorating the industrial economy |
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