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Chapter 18

Pathophysiology: Valvular Disorders

TermDefinition
valve disorders increase the risk for (2) clot formation and infection
normal heart sounds heard during systole and diastole are called lub and dub
lub (first sound) heard at beginning of systole; closure of tricuspid and mitral valves
dub (second sound) heard at the beginning of diastole; closure of pulmonary and aortic valves
stenosis narrowing of the valve; increased resistance to flow and blood backs up (stiffened)
regurgitation loose valve; leakage of blood backwards because valve will not shut properly
two most common valve disorders mitral and aortic stenosis because fibrotic tissue thickens with age
the sounds heard during turbulent blood flow through the heart or great vessels murmurs
physiologic murmurs innocent/functional, heard during states of high blood flow to the heart, asymptomatic (examples are anxiety, fever, pregnancy)
pathologic murmurs caused by the valve deformity/dysfunction, medical intervention is needed
complications of valvular disorders dysrhythmias, thrombus formation, stroke/MI, heart failure
dysrhythmias (valvular disorder leads to) disruption of conduction with overstretching heart chambers
thrombus formation (valvular disorder) turbulent/static blood flow --increased clot risk
stroke/ MI (valvular disorder) elevated thrombus formation follows
heart failure (valvular disorder) hypertrophies- ischemia and infarction
common causes of valvular disorders congenital (marfan's), acquired (astheroscelerosis, hypotension, rheumatic disease), or infective endocarditis (IV drug use)
major causes of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) acute streptococcal infection leading to rheumatic fever can cause RHD even years later
gold standard of valvular disorders echocardiography
TTE: transthoracic echocardiography noninvasive, transducer placed on chest wall (Most common method)
TEE: transesophageal echocardiography transducer inserted into the esophagus (more sensitive, sedated)
mitral stenosis caused by rheumatic fever or mitral annular calcification
mitral stenosis valve problem and fluid back up narrow mitral valve hinders blood flow into LV; backs up into left atrium causing enlargement and backs up into pulmonary veins
mitral stenosis S+S pulmonary edema
mitral regurgitation caused by commonly after myocardial infarction
mitral regurgitation valve problem and fluid back up loose mitral valve allows for back flow of blood during systole; back into left atrium instead of left ventricle fluid backs up into lungs because increased resistance
mitral regurgitation S+S back: dyspnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea forward: confusion, cool extremities, low urine, weak
aortic stenosis caused by aortic sclerosis, RHD, congenital valve defect
aortic stenosis valve problem and fluid back up LV cannot eject blood due to increased resistance; poor closure of aortic valve during diastole; blood backs up into LA and pulmonary veins
aortic stenosis S+S pulmonary edema
pulmonic regurgitation caused by increased workload on the right ventricle
pulmonic regurgitation valve problem and fluid back up failure of the valve to close completely; blood backs up into the RA causing right sided heart failure
pulmonic stenosis valve problem and fluid back up narrowing of the pulmonic valve meaning that less blood is being oxygenated by the lungs and will flow back into the right side
tricupsid stenosis caused by infective endocarditis (IV drug use)
tricupsid stenosis valve problems and back up blood cannot enter RV as expected due to narrow tricuspid valve and it will back up into the RA atrium causing enlargement and many backwards effects
Created by: ELoranger
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