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AP Human - Vocab 6
Cities and Urban Land-Use Patterns and Processes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| African City Model | Ethnicities and types of CBDs change in rings/sectors as you travel further from the center, colonial CBD. |
| Air Quality | The quality of air as pollutants affect it. Pollution occurs when humans add unnatural substances into the atmosphere. |
| Bid-rent Theory | Land closest to the market/CBD is most expensive, land farther becomes less expensive, desirable, and accessible. |
| Blockbusting | A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses due to fear of black families moving in. |
| Boomburbs | Suburb that has grown rapidly into a large and sprawling city with more than 100,000 residents. |
| Brownfields | A large, abandoned site that is potentially contaminated by hazardous substances and pollutants. |
| Burgess Concentric Zone Model | A city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings. |
| Census | Shows where people live and gives a description of people’s income, age, gender, ethnicity, race, family size, and more. |
| Christaller's Central Place Theory | Idea that settlements only existed to function as "central places" to provide services for the surrounding area. |
| City Government | The city government enacts laws and policies, regulates municipal affairs, usually through ordinances and resolutions. |
| City Infrastructure | The basic physical and organizational structures needed for a society to function. Ex: roads, power lines, schools, police & fire dep. |
| Climate Change | The emittance of greenhouse gasses and pollutants that affect the atmosphere. |
| De Facto Segregation | Low income families and people of color can no longer afford to live in the city and are forced to move out. |
| Decentralization | The social process in which population and industry move from urban centers to outlying districts. |
| Disamenity Zones | Areas not connected to city services, usually controlled by drug lords and/or gangs |
| Ecological Footprint | Measure of how fast we can consume resources to how fast nature can absorb our waste and generate new resources. |
| Edge Cities | Community located on the outskirts of a larger city with commercial centers, office space, retail complexes, etc. |
| Energy Use | Includes electricity, transportation, and heating. |
| Exurbs | The small communities lying beyond the suburbs of a city; more rural, less urban. Ex: Boerne |
| Farmland Protection Policies | Intended to limit sprawl and encourage the conservation of agricultural land, forests and other natural areas. |
| Galactic City Model | Focuses on the decentralization and suburbanization of urban environments. |
| Gentrification | Higher income residents buy buildings in neglected and/or industrial areas for a low cost and “flip” the property. |
| Gravity Model | Shows the distribution, size of cities, and their interaction. |
| Greenbelts | A ring of land that limits urban sprawl, pollution, and protects local wildlife habitats. Ex: park or forest |
| Harris Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model | Model says a city is a complex structure that revolves around more than one CBD. |
| Housing Density | Number of housing units per unit of area, a high amount means that there may be overcrowding |
| Hoyt Sector Model | The city develops in a series of sectors. Certain areas of the city are more attractive for various activities or environmental factors. |
| Infilling | Redevelopment of vacant land to improve the surrounding area. |
| Latin American City Model | Characterized by the spine that runs from the CBD, through wealthy housing and connects to the mall. As distance from the CBD increases, housing becomes less expensive due to a lack of critical infrastructure. |
| Megacities | Metropolitan areas with populations of more than 10 million people. |
| Metacities | Metropolitan areas with populations of more than 20 million people. |
| Mixed-land Use | Combines residential, commercial, cultural, or institutional functions into a building, block, or neighborhood. Typically planned. |
| Nee Urbanism | Mixed-use zoning practices that seek to encourage local community development and sustainable growth in an urban area. |
| Periphery | Countries that have a very low standard of living and are typically less developed. Ex: Most of Africa (excluding South Africa) |
| Primate City | Model that illustrates disproportionate population distribution within a state. |
| Qualitative Data | Data that involves descriptive depictions or characteristics of a research topic - often based on people’s perceptions or opinions. |
| Quantitative Data | Data that involves numbers and statistics - can be measured. |
| Rank-size Rule | The rank-size rule states that the nth largest city in any region will be 1/n the size of the largest city. Typically indicates somewhat even development. |
| Redlining | Banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries. Discriminatory act due to ethnicity. |
| Sanitation | Refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and an adequate sewage system. |
| Semi-periphery | Newly industrialized countries with the median standards of living. Ex: Chile, Brazil, India |
| Site Factors | Describes the characteristics of the immediate environment. Ex: climate, landforms, availability of water, and more |
| Situation Factors | The location of a place relative to society, its surroundings, and connectivity to other places. Ex: events & sense of place |
| Slow-growth Factors | Sustainable urban design policy that intends to decrease the rate of urban sprawl. |
| Smart-growth Factors | Urban design that considers the environmental, social, and economic impacts. Reduce urban sprawl. |
| Southeast Asian City Model | Characterized by a port zone, which was the center of commerce in colonial SE Asia. Export oriented, so no CBD. |
| Sprawl | The expansion of cities and urban areas into surrounding rural or undeveloped land |
| Squatter Settlements | Poor living conditions arise from undesirable locations, lack of legal protections, and lack of basic infrastructure and services. |
| State Government | The state government enacts laws and policies, regulates affairs for the state, usually through ordinances and resolutions. |
| Suburban Sprawl | The growth of residential developments outside of major urban areas. |
| Suburbanization | People move from urban areas to suburban ones. |
| Survey Data | Generally in the form of an interview or questionnaire; provides researchers with information about how people think and act. |
| Sustainable Design Initiatives | Includes mixed-land use, walkability, transportation-oriented development, new urbanism, etc. |
| Transportation-oriented Development | Sustainable, public transportation (ex. buses). Decreases air pollution, reduces traffic congestion, mixed-use developments instead of parking lots. |
| Urban Growth Boundaries | Geographical boundaries placed around a city to limit suburban growth within that city |
| Urban Hierarchy | System based on the size or importance of a city or town. Hamlets, villages, towns, cities, regional cities, global cities. |
| Urban Renewal | Renewing urban areas that have declined or are in need of improvement. |
| Urban Sustainability | City planning in urban environments that do not deplete resources for future generations. |
| Urbanization | The movement of people to, and the clustering of people in, towns and cities. |
| Walkability | How friendly an area is to walking |
| Water Quality | The scale of unusable to usable water based on certain characteristics. |
| World Cities | Dominant city in terms of its role in politics & the economy; connected to other world cities; center of info. |
| Zones of Abandonment | Areas that have been deserted in a city for economic or environmental reasons. |
| Zoning Practices | Regulations about what type of development or land use can occur in a specific location. |
Created by:
ClaireAH83
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