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Test 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Word segment that means "navel": | Umbil- |
| Word segment that means "color" | Chromo- |
| Word segment that means "to divide": | Cleav- |
| Assume simple dominance. Furthermore, assume that dominant allele "S" is for smooth skin, and recessive allele "s" is for bumpy skin. If parents with Ss and SS genotypes were to mate, what percent of their offspring will have bumpy skin? | 0% |
| Word segment that means "other": | Hetero- |
| Short segment of DNA that encodes the information to make a specific protein | Gene |
| Word segment that means "well fed": | Troph- |
| When a sperm cell fertilizes and egg cell, the resulting cell is called a: | Zygote |
| To fertilize an egg, enzymes in the sperm _______ help digest a tunnel through the corona radiata: | Acrosome |
| Pregnancy hormonal marker that is only made during pregnancy: | hCG |
| Hollow ball of cells that implants into the uterus: | Blastocyst |
| Stage of human development when the capability of sexual reproduction first appears: | Adolescence |
| The first true diploid cell of the future baby: | Zygote |
| Solid ball of cells on its way to the uterus: | Morula |
| Word segment that means "same": | Homo- |
| At the end of week _____ the embryonic stage has ended and the fetal stage has begun. | 8 |
| Variant form of a gene: | Allele |
| If 1 egg is fertilized by 1 sperm, and the resulting cell splits to make 2 individuals, you will have: | Identical twins |
| Assume simple dominance. Furthermore, assume that dominant allele "S" is for smooth skin, and recessive allele "s" is for bumpy skin. If parents with Ss and SS genotypes were to mate, what percent of their offspring will have smooth skin? | 100% |
| Amniotic fluid is useful for fetal: | Protection |
| XX is a female genotype, _____ is another female genotype. | XO |
| Stage when all 3 germ layers of the embryonic disc become evident: | Gastrula |
| Segment of DNA that codes for a protein: | Gene |
| The longest stage of postnatal life: | Adulthood |
| In the fetus, the ductus _____ connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta. | Arteriosus |
| The complete set of genes for an organism: | Genome |
| The study of inheritance of characteristics: | Genetics |
| A hybrid organ composed of fetal and maternal tissues: | Placenta |
| Missing or gaining an extra chromosome (e.g. trisomy 21) is known as: | Aneuploidy |
| Fetal circulation tends to bypass the liver and: | Lungs |
| physical appearance | phenotype |
| chart displaying the 23 chromosomes pairs in size order | karyotype |
| alleles that are normal in function or most common | wild type allele |
| combination of genes | genotype |
| 2 different alleles | heterozygous |
| 2 identical alleles | homozygous |
| non sex chromosomes | autosomes |
| uncommon phenotypes | mutant alleles |
| everyone who inherits disease causing alleles expresses the phenotype | complete penetrance |
| a single gene producing several phenotypic traits | pleiotropy |
| some individuals do not express the phenotype even though they have the alleles | incomplete penetrance |
| phenotype varies in intensity | variable expressivity |
| table used to predict probabilities of genotype in off springs for certain traits | punnett squares |
| when off springs does not express a dominant of recessive allele | incomplete dominance |
| inheritance where both alleles are equally expressed | codominance |
| all or none expression of a genotype in a person | penetrance |
| diagram showing family relationships, and known genotypes and phenotypes for each family member | pedigree |
| What is the definition of Polygenic Trait and examples? | Traits determined by more than one gene. Also known as “continuous variation”. Examples include height, skin color, and eye color. |
| What is the Human Genome Project? Why is it good? | Ambitious research aimed at deciphering chemical makeup of entire human genetic code. Good, identifies genes affected by disease & inherited disorders. 99% human nucleotide bases are same, 1.4 mill Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms. |
| What does SNP locate? | SNPs locate disease-associated sequences on chromosomes |
| What is the definition of Developments? What are the different types of development and its time frame? | Development is a gradual modification of physical and physiological characteristics from conception to maturity. -Embryological: first 2 months after fertilization -Fetal: 9th week until birth- Prenatal: before birth -Postnatal: birth-maturity |
| What are the Changes of mother during pregnancy? | Trophoblast cells secrete hCG. hCG maintains corpus luteum. Corpus luteum continues to secrete estrogens and progesterone. Estrogen and progesterone promote growth, development, and maintenance of uterine wall. |
| What are the stages of birth? | Position fetus before birth Dilation begin labor cervix dilates amnion may rupture Expulsion stage cervix pushed open by fetus Placental stage building muscle tension in walls of uterus pulling placenta from uterine wall result in ejection of placenta |
| Name three types of multiple births and describe each | Dizygotic twins (fraternal): Different DNA Monozygotic twins (identical): Same DNA Conjoined twins (Siamese): genetically identical twins that share an organ. |
| What are the stages of postnatal development? | The neonatal period Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Senescence Dying is part of life cycle |
| What is senescence? Name three processes of senescence. | Immune responses weaken May lose some intellectual functions Sensory functions decline. |
| What is the neonatal phase of development? and what happens during this phase of development? | Beginning of birth, the first 4 weeks of the babies’ life. The newborn begins to carry on respiration, obtain and digest nutrients, excretes wastes, regulate body temp and make cardiovascular adjustments. |
| What is the difference between autosome and a sex chromosome? | Autosome determines the traits but not the sex. While Sex chromosomes determine the gender XX females, XY males. |
| What is the difference between Homozygous and Heterozygous? Give examples of each. | Homozygous is 2 identical alleles. TT Heterozygous is 2 different alleles. Tt |
| What is a Punnett square used for? How is it set up? | Used to predict probabilities of genotypes in offspring for certain traits. It consists of 4 boxes. Mother alleles are listed above the box and fathers are on the side. Each box represents a possible combination of alleles at fertilization |
| What are the different types of development and their functions? | Fertilization: fusion of sperm & egg; Cleavage: division begins immediately after fertilization; Implantation: embryo attaches uterus; Maturity: full development/completed growth; Inheritance: transfer genetically determined; characteristics from gen-gen |
| What is the function of HCG? | To maintain the corpus luteum which stops reproductive cycles. |
| When is the HCG level high? | First two months then declines as the placenta takes over production of estrogens and progesterone. |
Created by:
KatHal7335
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