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APHUG UNIT 6 VOCAB
ALL VOCAB IN UNIT 6 APHUG
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ecumene | The permanently inhabited portion of the Earth's surface |
| Urban | Areas(cities) with high concentration of people |
| Suburbs | Primarily residential areas near cities |
| Settlement | A place with a permanent human population |
| Rural | Areas (farms and villages) with low concentrations of people |
| Urbanization | The process of developing towns and cities |
| Percent Urban | An indicator of the portion of the population that lives in cities and towns compared to those that live in rural areas |
| Suburbanization | The process of people moving from cities to residential areas on the outskirts of cities |
| Reurbanization | The process of suburbanites moving back to cities |
| Exurbanization | The process of people moving from cities to rural areas and work remotely |
| Satellite City | When an established town near a major city grows into a city independent of the major one |
| City-State | A state that is made up of a city or town. The first city states were the most successful settlements during the neolithic revolution |
| Urban Hearth | Where the largest cities first existed, generally associated with river valleys, seasonal floods, and fertile soil aided in the production of an agricultural surplus |
| Metropolitan Area/Metro Area | A collection of adjacent cities whose population density is high and continuous. They are some of the largest cities in the world |
| Metropolitan Statistical Area | Another way to define a city. Must have at least 50,000 people |
| Micropolitan Statistical Area | Cities with more than 10,000 people but less than 50,000 |
| Nodal Region | A region that has a focal point that serves a function. The Micropolitan Statistical Area is considered a node |
| Social Heterogeneity | High in cities when compared to other places, containing a greater variety of people. Diversity in cultural interests, sexual orientation, languages spoken, professional pursuits, and other characteristics in present cities |
| Time-Space Compression | Shortening the amount of time between two places with the use of technology. Leads to more development in urban areas |
| Brochert's Model | Made by John Brochert. Describes how advancements in transportation technology led to the development of urban areas. Urban history divided into 4 parts called epochs. Each epoch had transportation technology advancements that greatly changed the epoch. |
| Pedestrian City | Cities shaped by the distance people could walk. Earliest urban centers |
| Streetcar Suburbs | Communities that were shaped and grew up alongside rail lines, often creating a pinwheel shaped city |
| Urban System | Interdependent set of cities within a region |
| Gravity Model | States that places that are larger and closer together will interact more and places that are smaller and farther interact less |
| Rank-Size Rule | States that the rank of a city's population will predict the size of the city. This is determined by the largest cities population divided by the cities rank |
| Primate City | Any city in an urban area that is at least twice the size of the 2nd largest city |
| Central Place Theory/Central Place | Where people go to get food or services. Each settlement is centered around one central place, size of settlement would be evenly distributed across space |
| Market Area | Areas that surround each central place |
| Hexagonal Hinterlands | Visual depictions of the market area in the shape of hexagons. Because it is most efficient to lay across, and change the shapes of the scope of services that are provided to other places. |
| Threshold | The size of a population necessary for any service to exist and remain profitable |
| Range | The distance people will travel to obtain specific goods or services |
| Megacities | Worlds largest cities; must have a population of 10,000,000+ |
| Metacities | Worlds largest cities; must have a population of 20,000,000+ |
| World Cities/Global Cities | Cities that exert influence far beyond their national boundaries |
| Megalopolis | A chain of connected cities (does not need a core city) |
| Conurbation | A megalopolis or a continuous, extended urban area, formed by growing together of formerly separate, expanding cities and their suburbs, with no rural land. |
| Functional Zonation | The idea that regions or zones have specific and distinct purposes |
| Central Business District (CBD) | Located in physical center of city. Commercial heart of the city and is the focus of transportation and services. Where city was founded |
| Concentric Zone Model | Describes cities as rings surrounding the CBD |
| Burgess Model | Concentric Zone Model but with 3 more residential rings. The farther out from the CBD you go, the higher quality and bigger housing, Land becomes more affordable and population density decreases |
| Sector Model/Hoyt Model | Similar to Concentric Model, but instead of rings districts are wedges/sectors |
| Zone of Transition | First ring surrounding CBD, It is industrial use mixed with low income and poor quality housing. Has the highest population density |
| Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman | Geographers who created multiple nuclei model. |
| Multi Nuclei Model | Model suggests that functional zonations have multiple centers, or nodes |
| Peripheral Model | Multi Nuclei Model variant. Inner cities serve as nodes of commercial activity to suburban cities surrounding the inner city. The name peripheral derives from the service nodes with their related cities on the periphery, outermost ring of the city. |
| Galactic City Model | Model describing the spread of cities outward |
| Edge City | At key locations at transportation routes, mini-downtown hotels of hotels, malls, restaurants, and office complexes. Far from the urban cities and at the edge. |
| Latin American City Model/Griffin Ford City Model | The model has two-part CBD consisting of a spine and a mall. Spine consists of theaters, restaurants, parks, and other amenities. And the secondary sector is the mall. The most developed areas and high quality housing are located near the CBD. |
| Periferico | Outer ring of Latin American cities |
| Shantytown | Areas of poorly built housing |
| Favelas or Barrios | Neighborhoods in Latin America with extreme poverty, homelessness, and lawlessness |
| Disamenity Zones | Most favelas are in disamenity zones, areas not connected to the city services, and are controlled by drug lords and gangs. Often in physically unsafe conditions such as on ravines or on steep, unstable mountain slopes. |
| African City Model | A model of African cities with 3 CBDs |
| Traditional CBD | CBDs that existed before European colonization. Contain small shops clustered along narrow twisting streets. Has a formal economy, regulated working hours, set wages, and full time jobs |
| Colonial CBD | Has broad straight avenues and large homes, parks, and administrative centers |
| Informal Economy Zone | Thrives with curbsides, car-sides, and stall-based businesses that often hire people temporarily and do not follow regulations. |
| Periodic Markets | Where small scale merchants congregate weekly or yearly, to sell their goods. |
| Informal Settlements | Densely populated areas built without coordinated planning and efficient public services for electricity, water, and sewage |
| Squatter Settlements | The growth of informal settlements often results from a rapid influx of migrants into the city who simply reside wherever there is space. |
| Mosque | Dominant features of cities that include one or more tall and highly visible minarets |
| Citadel | Forts in islamic cities that are designed to protect the city with its barracks and soldiers |
| Suqs | A covered bazaar or traditional outdoor markets that run across the sides of major roads |
| McGee Model/Southeast Asian City Model | Describes the land use in many larger cities in southeast Asia. It has export-orientated zones that are similar to CBD. Might include government zone, A belt of market area. |
| Zoning Ordinance | Regulations that define how property in a specific geographic region can be used. To balance competing desires for land. Like someone wants it to be quiet, and someone was to run a loud factory. |
| Urban Planning | A process to promote growth and controlling change in land use |
| Residential Zone | Areas of cities that are devoted to where people live, rather than to commercial or industrial functions. |
| Residential Density Gradient | The idea that as one moves farther from the inner city, the population density declines along with the type and density of housing units. |
| FIltering | The idea that houses pass from one social group to another. Usually wealthy people leave the house, and less wealthy people stay and move into where they left. |
| Invasion and Succession | When one social or ethnic group gradually replaces another through filtering. |
| Gated Communities | Example of change in suburbs and occasionally in cities. These neighborhoods are planned in order to control access and aesthetics within a community. They are fenced with a limited number of streets. |
| Big-Box-Retail | Very successful large shops that offer a variety of products |
| Suburbanization of Business | The movement of commerce out of cities to suburbs where rents are cheaper, and commutes to the commerce is shorter. As a result, commerce in cities are declining. |
| Municipal | Refers to the local government or the services provided by the government of a town or city |
| Municipality | Refers to a local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction. One way of referring to the political and legal aspect of a city |
| Annexation | The process of adding lang to a city's legally defined territory, generally requires voting |
| Incorporation | The act of legally joining together two cities to form a new city |
| Bedroom Community | Communities with no real CBD within a larger metro area. |
| Consolidation | When there is a problem in legal fragmentations. For example, there are disagreements about the development of roads. When certain elements of government are handled jointly, across numerous separate municipalities. |
| Special Districts | Districts that attempt to solve a specific need, such as public transportation, over a large region. |
| Unincorporated Areas | Regions that do not fall within the legal boundary of any city or municipality. |
| Census Tract | Contiguous geographic regions that function as the building blocks of a census. |
| Census Blocks | Densely populated urban area, may be very small, consisting of a single block bounded by four streets. About 28 people per block |
| Social Area Analysis | Questions and study topics to gather information about how people feel about crime rates, zoning changes, urban growth, local government, and etc. To gather data and gain an overall understanding of the lives of people living in urban areas. |
| Inner City | The region just outside the CBD in North American cities, to densely settled peripheral suburbs in Europe to the squatter settlements and favelas of less developed countries |
| Underclass | People who face social hardships that contribute to their poverty |
| Culture Of Poverty | A way of living that reflects a lack of income and accumulated wealth |
| Brownfields | Visual reminders on the landscape of how the centers of cities have changed over time (as they are abandoned). Typical Brownfields has dilapidated buildings and pollution. |
| FIltering | The change in the use of a house from a single family home to rented units in a multi family dwelling and eventually to an abandoned building. |
| Redlining | The process in which banks refuse loans to those who want to purchase and improve properties in certain urban areas. This is usually used as racial discrimination. |
| Urban Redevelopment | Renovating a site within a city by removing the existing landscape and rebuilding from the ground up |
| Eminent Domain | Laws that allow the government to seize land for public use after paying owners market value for their property |
| Gentrification | Wealthier residents moving into a neighborhood and making it unaffordable for existing residents, usually improves housing quality. Residents with fixed income crowd into housing that is available and affordable concentrates poverty within a small area. |
| Scattered Site | Scattered sites were employed to alleviate the problems of public housing. In this approach, public housing was dispersed throughout areas of the city. Children thus had access to better local schools, and amenities available in wealthier neighborhoods. |
| Homelessness | The condition of not having a permanent place to live. |
| Food Deserts | When healthy food stores prefer suburban areas where residents are wealthier .Poor families have little choice beyond fast food. Zones that lack stores are known as food deserts, they contribute to the health problems for poor residents. |
| Racial Segregation | Racial segregation in housing occurs when people live in separate neighborhoods based on ethnicity or race. |
| Blockbusting | When people of one ethnic group based on their ethnicity or race, usually middle-class whites, would be scared into selling their homes at low prices, when they hear another usually African or Hispanic family, was moving into the neighborhood. |
| Ghettos | Areas of poverty occupied by a minority group as a result of discrimination |
| Urban Colonies | Where new residents can be close to religious institutions, stores that sell familiar goods, and friends and relatives who speak their language. |
| Public Transportation | Busses, subways, light rail, and trains operated by a government agency |
| Informal Economy | The portion of the economy that is not taxed, regulated, or managed by the government |
| Shadow Economy | Informal economies in more developed countries, They are also not regulated for the workers nor consumers, They also undercut legitimate businesses |
| Urban Canyons | Streets lined with tall buildings, can channel and intensify wind. Tall buildings prevent natural sunlight from reaching the ground |
| Urban Heat Island | A portion of a city warmer than the surrounding region. |
| Urban Wildlife | Rats, raccoons, pigeons and other animals that thrive in cities but spread diseases and become a nuisance to people |
| Rush Hour | The commuting periods in early morning and late afternoon or early evening when many people travel to and from work. |
| Urban Sprawl | Rapid spread of development outward from the inner city. |
| Leapfrogging | When developers purchase land beyond the periphery of the city's build-up area. These neighborhoods are often farther from the CBD but because of all the highways |
| Sustainability | Long-term viability |
| Greenbelts | Areas of undeveloped land around an urban area |
| Smart Growth | A set of policies to preserve farmland and other open, undeveloped spaces near a city |
| New Urbanism | A movement of urban planning that emerged in the 1900s. Its goals are to reduce sprawling, increasing affordable housing(not happening) and creating vibrant, liveable neighborhoods. |
| Mixed-Use Neighborhoods | Neighborhoods that have a mix of houses and businesses. Homes can vary in price and in size in order to create a socially diverse community. |
| Urban Infill | The process of building up underused land in a city. |
| Counter-urbanization/Deurbanization | The counter-flow(or influx) of urban residents leaving the city |
| Exurbs | The prosperous residential district beyond the suburbs. Working remotely is a factor to exurbanization |
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Armageddon
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