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JAP ARCHI
ewan k
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How does Japan's geography influence the development of its society and culture? | In many ways, including demography, social structures, and international position. |
| What is Japan referred to as due to its island nature? | Shimaguni. |
| How many major islands does Japan consist of? | Four: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. |
| How has the prevalence of earthquakes in Japan impacted building development? | It has had a profound impact on building development. |
| What type of terrain is prevalent in Japan? | Rugged hill country. |
| What percentage of Japan's entire area is occupied by forest and wild vegetation? | 4/5th. |
| What is the predominant natural feature of Japan? | Forest and wild vegetation. |
| What is the natural beauty of the land in Japan? | One of very great natural beauty. |
| What is the diversity of trees like in Japan? | There is probably a greater diversity of trees than in any other country. |
| What natural material is plentiful and extensively used in building in Japan? | Bamboo. |
| What is the main geological origin of stone used in Japanese architecture? | Volcanic origin and unstratified. |
| Which types of stone are well represented in Japanese architecture? | Granites and porphyries. |
| What is the scarcity in terms of stone in Japanese architecture? | There is a dearth of limestone and sandstone. |
| How is stone used in Japanese architecture? | For foundation work or in polygonal form for the lower portions of walling. |
| What is erected on the upper timber structure in Japanese architecture? | An upper timber structure. |
| What climatic influences does Japan experience in winter? | Influenced by a cold airstream from Asia. |
| What climatic influences does Japan experience in summer? | Incursion of warm moist air from the Pacific. |
| How does the mountainous nature of Japan contribute to its rainfall? | Conduces to exceptionally heavy rainfall, particularly in the summer. |
| What is the orientation of houses in Japan and why? | Houses face south to provide protection against the sun, while deeply projecting eaves give further protection. |
| How are the northern aspects of houses in Japan protected from cold winds in winter? | High courtyard walls screen the northern aspect from the cold winds of winter. |
| When were the first human inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago traced to? | Around 30,000 BC. |
| What is the timespan of the Jōmon Period in prehistoric Japan? | Roughly from 13,000 BC to about 1,000 BC. |
| What kind of culture predominantly inhabited Japan during the Jōmon Period? | Hunter-gatherer culture. |
| What fundamental transformations did the Yayoi people bring to the Japanese archipelago? | Development of rice cultivation and metallurgy. |
| What is the Dogū figurine associated with? | Late Jōmon period (1000 – 400 BC). |
| What period saw the gradual unification of Japan under a single territory? | Kofun Period. |
| What was the symbol of the growing power of Japan's new leaders during the Kofun Period? | Kofun burial mounds. |
| How long is the Daisenryō Kofun burial mound? | 486 meters. |
| Who is commonly accepted to have the Daisenryō Kofun built for? | Emperor Nintoku. |
| Where is the Daisenryō Kofun located? | Osaka. |
| When did the Asuka Period begin? | As early as 538 CE. |
| What religion was introduced from the Korean kingdom of Baekje during the Asuka Period? | Buddhism. |
| What is the coexistence of Buddhism and Japan's native Shinto religion known as? | Shinbutsu-shūgō. |
| How is Shinto classified by scholars of religion? | As an East Asian religion. |
| What do practitioners of Shinto often regard it as? | Japan's indigenous religion and a nature religion. |
| What is the central focus of Shinto? | Supernatural entities called the kami. |
| What are kami in the Shinto religion? | Deities, divinities, spirits, phenomena, or 'holy powers' venerated in Shinto. |
| Who was Prince Shōtoku and what was his role during the Asuka period? | A semi-legendary regent and the first major sponsor of Buddhism in Japan. |
| What are the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki? | Records of Ancient Matters and Chronicles of Japan, respectively. |
| What do the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki contain? | The earliest record of Japanese creation myths. |
| What are the earliest roles of the kami? | As earth-based spirits, assisting the early hunter-gatherer groups. |
| How were the kami worshipped? | As gods of the earth (mountains) and sea. |
| Who is Amaterasu in Japanese mythology? | The goddess of the sun. |
| What is Hōryū-ji? | The Buddhist temple of Hōryū-ji, which is the oldest wooden structure in the world. |
| Who commissioned Hōryū-ji? | Prince Shotoku. |
| What does Hōryū-ji represent in Japan? | The beginning of Buddhism in Japan. |
| What is the full name of Hōryū-ji? | Hōryū Gakumonji, or Learning Temple of the Flourishing Law. |
| Who was Hōryū-ji dedicated to? | Yakushi Nyorai, the Buddha of healing, and in honor of the prince's father. |
| When was Hōryū-ji registered as Japan's first UNESCO World Heritage Site? | In 1993. |
| When was the grandiose new capital constructed in Japan? | In 710 (Nara Period). |
| What was the grandiose new capital in Japan modeled on? | Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang dynasty. |
| What are the first two books produced in Japan during this period? | The Kojiki and Nihon Shoki. |
| What do the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki contain? | Chronicles of legendary accounts of early Japan and its creation myth. |
| What does the creation myth in the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki describe? | The imperial line as descendants of the gods. |
| Which Buddhist temple was sponsored by the Imperial Court during the Nara period? | The Daibutsu-den within the complex of Tōdai-ji. |
| When did the capital move to Nagaoka-kyō? | In 784. |
| Where was the capital moved in 794? | To Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto). |
| How long did Heian-kyō remain the capital? | Until 1868. |
| What happened to the power of the imperial court throughout the Heian period? | It declined. |
| What dispute erupted in 1156? | A dispute over succession to the throne. |
| Who were the two rival claimants in the dispute of 1156? | Emperor Go-Shirakawa and Emperor Sutoku. |
| Which clans were hired by the rival claimants in the dispute of 1156? | Taira and Minamoto clans. |
| What was the purpose of hiring the Taira and Minamoto clans? | To secure the throne by military force. |
| What is the significance of the miniature model of the ancient capital Heian-kyō? | It represents the historical development of Japanese architecture. |
| Who ruled during the Edo period? | The Tokugawa shogunate. |
| Where did the Tokugawa shogunate rule from? | The eastern city of Edo (modern Tokyo). |
| Who declared Tokugawa Ieyasu as shōgun in 1603? | Emperor Go-Yōzei. |
| What happened two years after Tokugawa Ieyasu was declared shōgun? | Ieyasu abdicated to groom his son as the second shōgun. |
| How much did Japan's population grow during the first century of Tokugawa rule? | Doubled to thirty million. |
| What was the main reason for the population growth during the Edo period? | Agricultural growth. |
| What was the impact of the growing wealth of the merchant classes during the Edo period? | Cultural and social flourishing. |
| What was the period of the Meiji Period in Japan? | 1868 – 1912. |
| Where did the imperial family move to in 1869? | Edo, which was renamed Tokyo. |
| What were the major government priorities during the Meiji Period? | Introduction of railways, telegraph lines, and a universal education system. |
| What did the Meiji government promote? | Widespread Westernization and hired advisers from Western nations. |
| Who was the 122nd Emperor of Japan during the Meiji Period? | Emperor Meiji. |
| What are Japanese architectural structures typically made of? | Wooden structures. |
| How are Japanese architectural structures positioned? | Elevated slightly off the ground. |
| What were used in place of walls in traditional Japanese architecture? | Sliding doors (fusuma) and other traditional partitions. |
| What was the earliest form of Japanese architecture? | Simple pit-houses and stores adapted to the needs of a hunter-gatherer population. |
| What was the catalyst for large-scale temple building in Japan? | The introduction of Buddhism during the sixth century. |
| When did Japan distance itself from Chinese culture? | During the Heian period (794 – 1185). |
| What culture flourished in Japan after distancing from Chinese culture? | Kokufu bunka, suited to the Japanese climate and aesthetic sense. |
| What is the shinden-zukuri style? | The architectural style of the residences of nobles during the Heian period. |
| What did the shinden-zukuri style determine for later Japanese architecture? | It permanently determined the characteristics of later Japanese architecture. |
| What is the function of Shinden in Japanese architecture? | It is the sleeping place that is on the central north-south axis and faces south on an open courtyard. |
| What does Kita-no-tai refer to in Japanese architecture? | It is the northern side house, often home to one's wife, located to the rear of a main residence. |
| What is the Hosodono in Japanese architecture? | It is a long narrow hall. |
| What does Higashi-no-tai represent in Japanese architecture? | It is the eastern pavilion. |
| What is the function of Higashi-kita-no-tai in Japanese architecture? | It is the northern pavilion. |
| What was the Samurai-dokoro in Japanese architecture? | It was the big 146-m-wide residence of Kamakura shogun, where gokenin gathered to hold ceremonies or banquets. |
| What is the title of the military dictators of Japan during the period spanning from 1185 to 1868? | Shogun. |
| What is Watadono in Japanese architecture? | Wide covered corridors, from which narrow corridors extended south, ending in tsuridono. |
| What is Chūmon-rō in Japanese architecture? | Central gate corridor, at the half-way points of the two corridors lead to a south courtyard, where many ceremonies were celebrated. |
| What is Tsuridono in Japanese architecture? | Fishing pavilion built on piles over a portion of the pond, usually connected to an annex via an open-sided corridor. |
| What is Gokenin in Japanese architecture? | An immediate vassal of the shogunate. |
| What are the features of Shinden-zukuri style? | An open structure with few walls, doors, shitomi, sudare, raised structure, tatami mats for sitting or sleeping. |
| What are the main characteristics of Shinden-zukuri? | Special symmetry of the group of buildings and undeveloped space between them. |
| What is the room at the core of Shinden called? | Moya. |
| What surrounds the room at the core of Shinden? | A roofed aisle called hisashi. |
| What are Shitomi or Hajitomi in the context of Japanese buildings? | Square-lattice shutters or doors found on older-style Japanese buildings. |
| What are Sudare in Japanese architecture? | Traditional Japanese screens or blinds made of horizontal slats of decorative wood, bamboo, or other natural material. |
| How are Sudare made nearly solid? | By weaving together with simple string, colored yarn, or other decorative material. |
| What are Sudare sometimes called if they have a green fabric hem? | Misu. |
| How can Sudare be stored out of the way? | They can be either rolled or folded up. |
| What is the Tatami Mat used for? | As a flooring material in traditional Japanese-style rooms. |
| What is the Moya in traditional Japanese architecture? | The main room of the shinden surrounded by a roofed aisle called hisashi. |
| What is a Ken in traditional Japanese measurement? | A traditional Japanese unit of length, equal to six Japanese feet (shaku) or 1.82 meters. |
| What is the Shoin-zukuri style? | A style of Japanese residential architecture used in the mansions of the military, temple guest halls, and Zen abbot's quarters of the Muromachi, Azuchi-Momoyama, and Edo periods. |
| During which periods was the Shoin-zukuri style used? | Muromachi (1336-1573), Azuchi-Momoyama (1568-1600), and Edo (1600-1868) periods. |
| What forms the basis of today's traditional-style Japanese house? | Shoin-zukuri style. |
| What were the characteristics of the Shoin-zukuri style? | Fully adopted sliding doors called fusuma, paper windows called shōji, and tatami mats laid all over the room. |
| Which building is the oldest extant example of Shoin-zukuri? | Ginkaku-ji's Tōgu-dō. |
| What is the Sukiya-zukuri style influenced by? | Influenced by a tea house called chashitsu. |
| During which period did the Sukiya-zukuri style villas appear? | Azuchi-Momoyama period (1568-1600). |
| Initially, for whom was the Sukiya-zukuri style intended? | Villas of daimyo (Japanese feudal lords) and court nobles. |
| In which period was the Sukiya-zukuri style applied to Japanese-style restaurants and chashitsu? | Edo period (1683-1807). |
| What is an early example of the Sukiya style? | Katsura Imperial Villa, Kyoto. |
| What is a Kakemono? | A vertical hanging scroll containing either text or a painting. |
| What is an Engawa? | An extension of the flooring on one or more sides of a Japanese style house, usually facing a garden and serving as a passageway or sitting space. |
| What is a Tokonoma? | A shallow, slightly raised alcove for the display of kakemono or flower arrangement. |
| What is a Shoji? | One of a series of sliding translucent panels used in Japanese architecture between the exterior and the interior. |
| What is a Tana? | A recess with built-in shelving usually adjoining a tokonoma. |
| What is a Tokobashira? | A post making the front of the partition between the tokonoma and the tana, sometimes of exquisite wood of particular grain and shape. |
| How can a Shinto Temple be distinguished from a Buddhist temple? | By the characteristic 'Torii' or gateways formed by upright posts supporting two or more horizontal beams. |
| What does the 'Torii' symbolically mark? | The transition from the mundane to the sacred. |
| Where is the oldest existing stone torii located? | In a Hachiman shrine in Yamagata Prefecture, built in the 12th century. |
| Where is the oldest existing wooden torii located? | At Kubō Hachiman Shrine in Yamanashi Prefecture, built in 1535. |
| What is the name of the Shinto shrine in Sangō, Nara, with a torii at the entrance? | Tatsuta Shrine. |
| What is the entrance to Buddhism foundations in Japanese architecture? | An elaborate two-storeyed gateway, surmounted by a muniment room under an ornate roof. |
| What is a common feature of temples in Japanese architecture? | A columned loggia, either round three-sided or forming a facade to the main building. |
| What is often found over the approach steps in Japanese temple architecture? | A portico resting upon timber columns held together at the top by horizontal tie beams. |
| What supports the roof in large temples and halls in Japanese architecture? | Elaborate compound bracketing on the interior columns. |
| What is a loggia in Japanese architecture? | An arcaded or roofed gallery built into or projecting from the side of a building, particularly one overlooking an open court. |
| What are the characteristics of Japanese pagodas? | 5-story, square pagodas, 45 meters tall. Earthquake-resistant with central wood core. Ground floor: shrines & figures. Upper floors: scenic views, large curved roofs (unlike China). |
| What is the purpose of the belvederes in Japanese pagodas? | To provide a view of the scenery. |
| What is the construction method used for Japanese pagodas to provide stability against earthquake shocks? | They are virtually suspended around a central timber. |
| What is a Sōrin in Japanese architecture? | The vertical shaft (finial) which tops a Japanese pagoda, whether made of stone or wood. |
| What material is usually used to make the Sōrin of a wooden pagoda? | Bronze. |
| How tall can the Sōrin of a wooden pagoda be? | Over 10 meters. |
| What material is the Sōrin of a stone pagoda usually made of? | Stone. |
| What is the symbolic meaning of the sections of the Sōrin? | They possess a symbolic meaning and, as a whole, represent a pagoda. |
| What are the two types of pagoda finial (Sōrin) mentioned? | Bronze (tahōtō) and stone (hōkyōintō). |
| What is a Hōju in Japanese architecture? | A spherical or tear-shaped object, sacred to Buddhism and believed to repel evil and fulfill wishes. |
| What is Ryūsha in Japanese architecture? | The piece immediately below the Hōju. |
| What is Suien in Japanese architecture? | Consisting of four decorative sheets of metal set at 90° to each other and installed over the top of the main pillar of a pagoda. |
| What are Fūtaku in Japanese architecture? | Small bells attached to the edges of a sōrin's rings or of the suien. |
| What is the Kurin in the context of Japanese architecture? | The largest component of the sōrin, which can sometimes have only eight or seven rings. |
| What is Ukebana in Japanese architecture? | A circle of upturned lotus petals, usually eight in number, with the possibility of another circle of petals facing down. |
| What is Fukubachi in the context of Japanese architecture? | It sits between the ukebana and the roban. |
| What is Roban in Japanese architecture? | It is the base or dew basin on which rests the entire finial, and it normally has as many sides as the roof itself. |
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