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PT51 Dream Team
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where does digestion begin and end | Digestion begins in the mouth and ends in the small intestine. |
| How does Peristalsis slow down | It slows down with age and decreased activity. A lack of a good diet can cause constipation. Not enough fluids. |
| What is the Bristol Stool Chart | Its a medical tool used to classify human feces into 7 categories based on their appearance and consistency. It ranges from type 1 which indicates hard, lumpy stool to type 7 which is diarrhea. |
| What is the main difference between peristalsis and segmentation? | The wavelike movement of chyme through the small intestine is called peristalsis. Segmentation, on the other hand, is the pinching contraction of circular smooth muscle that aids in mechanical digestion. |
| What is Chyme | Chyme is defined as a mixture of partially digested food and digestive juices. Essentially, it is the medical term for food that has been processed by the stomach and small intestine. |
| What are the 3 sections of the small intestine | The duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. The duodenum continues to process chyme from the stomach. The jejunum absorbs carbohydrates and proteins. The ileum absorbs water, fats, certain vitamins, iron, and bile salts |
| Which part of the small intestine absorbs the most nutrients and electrolytes. | The duodenum and the jejunum absorb most of the nutrients and electrolytes |
| How is the large intestine divided up | The large intestine is divided into the cecum, colon, and rectum. |
| What are the common bowel elimination problems | Constipation, Impaction, diarrhea, incontinence, flatulence, and hemorrhoids |
| What is the greatest danger from diarrhea | The greatest danger from diarrhea is development of fluid and electrolyte imbalance |
| What can cause hemorrhoids | Increased venous pressure from straining at defecation, pregnancy, heart failure, and chronic liver disease |
| What is constipation | A decrease in normal frequency of defecation accompanied by difficult or incomplete passage of stool and/or passage of excessively hard, dry stool |
| How does a patient get diagnosed with constipation | A patient is diagnosed with constipation if they have less than three bowel movements per week. |
| What causes constipation | Constipation can be caused by slowed peristalsis due to decreased activity, dehydration, lack of fiber, medications such as opioids, depression, or surgical procedures in the abdominal area |
| What is a Stoma | Temporary or permanent artificial opening in the abdominal wall. Surgical openings are created in the ileum (ileostomy) or colon (colostomy), with the ends of the intestine brought through the abdominal wall to create the stoma. |
| What is an anastomosis | Anastomosis is the connection of two things that are normally diverging. In medicine, an anastomosis typically refers to a connection between blood vessels or between two loops of the intestine. |
| What is a common fecal test that can be done at home | fecal occult blood test (FOBT), or guaiac test, which measures microscopic amounts of blood in feces. |
| What are the 2 types of bedpans | regular bedpan and a fracture bedpan. |
| How do Opiates help as an antidiarrheal agent | Opiates inhibit peristaltic waves that move feces forward, but they also increase segmental contractions that mix intestinal contents. As a result, the intestinal walls absorb more water. |
| What are the different types of Enemas | Cleansing Enema, Tap water, Physiologically normal saline, Hypertonic solutions, Soapsuds to Tap water, Oil retention enema, Carminative enemas, and Medicated enemas. |
| What is a nasogastric tube | An NG tube is a pliable hollow tube that is inserted through the patient’s nasopharynx into the stomach. |
| Define Colostomy | A colostomy is an operation that creates an opening for the colon, or large intestine, through the abdomen. A colostomy may be temporary or permanent. |
| How does GFR affect medication administration. | The GFR is important because it shows the efficiency of how the kidneys excrete medication. Renal impairment changes the effects of medications, & can diminish them but usually multiplying the effects, thus leading to accumulation and potential toxicity |
| Describe how urine production influences blood pressure | Urine production is vital in controlling blood pressure through its influence in fluid volume & electrolyte balance in the body. The kidneys regulate BP by the change in urine. |
| What happens when BP is to high | When BP increases, baroreceptors send more action potentials to the CNS, leading to widespread vasodilation. Included in this vasodilation are the afferent arterioles supplying the glomerulus, resulting in increased GFR, and water loss by the kidneys |
| What happens when BP is to low | Decreased blood pressure is also sensed by the granular cells in the afferent arteriole of the JGA. In response, the enzyme renin is released. BP almost immediately rises as vasoconstriction happens. |
| Define hypoxemia | Hypoxemia is when oxygen levels in the blood are lower than normal. If blood oxygen levels are too low, your body may not work properly. Someone with low blood oxygen is considered hypoxemic |
| Describe the term incontinence | Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). |
| List the aspects of skin assessment | 1.) color 2.) Temp 3.) Moisture 4.)Turgor 5.) Texture 6.) Integrity. 7.) Lesions 8.) Edema 9.) Vascularity. 10.) Sensations |
| Describe shear force | Shear is a horizontal force that causes the bony prominence to move across the tissue as the skin is held in place, and results from patient movement, nurse movement of the patient, and bed movement. |
| What does a complete assessment include | Comprehensive evaluation of physical, psychological, social, & environmental status. Biographical data, chief complaint, health history, functional asment, nutritional, asment, safety asment, documentation & communication. |
| Describe the difference between subjective & objective data | Subjective data is information given from the viewpoint of the patient or someone in the patient's life; it is a symptom. Objective data is information directly observed by the healthcare worker; it is a sign. It is measurable. |
| Differentiate signs vs symptoms | The sign is objective evidence of disease; a symptom, subjective. Symptoms represent the complaints of the patient, and if severe, they drive him to the doctor's office. |
| Define and give examples of primary and secondary sources of data | The patient is considered the primary source of subjective data. Other sources, including the patient's family or caregivers, and other members of the healthcare team, are called secondary sources!Info of patient's chart, family, other faculty |
| Name the 2 basic methods of data collection | 1.) Data collection 2.) Data preprocessing 3.) Selection and transformation 4.) Clustering 5.) Interpretation and application |
| How does data clustering organize data & develop a plan of care | data clustering serves the purpose of organizing patient data into meaningful groups or clusters based on similarities or patterns. This process helps nurses identify trends, make informed decisions, and tailor care plans to meet individual patient needs |
| What is the difference between a physician-prescribed intervention & a nurse-prescribed intervention | Physician: actions ordered by doctor for nurse(medications, wound care, diagnostic tests) Nurse: Actions nurse can legally order or independently(Massage, turn patient over, monitor for complications |
| What are the characteristics that critical thinkers have in common | They are open minded, bias aware, problem solver, persistent, curiouse, analytical skills, compassions, creative. |
| Clean catch/midstream urine collection | The patient is to clean the labial area or tip of the penis with an antiseptic wipe. collect the midstream portion into the sterile container, and then finish voiding into the toilet. |
| Indwelling catheter urine collection | A catheter specimen must be obtained from the sampling port on the catheter bag |
| 24 hours urine collection | Empty the bladder completely on awakening in the morning. DISCARD THAT URINE. All urine passed during the remainder of the day and night must be poured into the container. Specimen needs to be kept cold |
| In & out catheter/ straight catheter Urine collection | The tube is inserted into the urethra. The urine drains into a sterile container, and the catheter is removed. |
| What factors will affect wound healing | Age & Gender, Stress, Ischemia, Diseases, Obesity, Medication, smoking, Immunocompromised conditions, AIDS, & nutrition |
| What are the complications of wound healing | Complications include hemorrhage, infection, dehiscence, evisceration, and fistulas |
| Inspection/observation | Inspection is the technique of purposeful and systematic observation of the client – note that this does not involve touching, only careful visual observation |
| Auscultation | listening to the sounds of the body during a physical examination using a stethoscope |
| Percussion | a method of tapping body parts with fingers, hands, or small instruments as part of a physical examination. It is done to determine: The size, consistency, and borders of body organs. The presence or absence of fluid in body areas. |
| Palpation | a method of feeling with the fingers or hands during a physical examination. The health care provider touches and feels your body to examine the size, consistency, texture, location, and tenderness of an organ or body part |
| What are the commonly collected vital signs | Temperature, Pulse, Respirations, BP, Pain scale, & Pulse O2. |
| In what order are vital signs documented | 1.) Temp "98.6" 2.) Pulse "60-100" 3.) Respirations "16-20" 4.) BP "90/60-140/90" 5.) Pain Scale "1-10" 6.) Pulse O2 "95 &up" |
| What are the differences between Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis | Diverticulosis is the presence of diverticula without inflammation or infection, while diverticulitis involves inflammation or infection of these diverticula |
| Whats IBS | It is a functional disorder, meaning there is no structural abnormality in the digestive tract. Instead, it involves changes in the function of the gastrointestinal tract, leading to symptoms like abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits. |
| Whats Crohn's Disease | This is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the digestive tract. It can occur anywhere from the mouth to the anus, mostly affects the small intestine and colon. ThisDisease involves inflammation and damage to the lining of the digestive tract. |
| What is Ulcerative colitis | Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the innermost lining of the colon and rectum. limited to the colon and rectum. |
| What are Hemorrhoids | Hemorrhoids are swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus that can cause discomfort, pain, itching, and sometimes bleeding. They can develop internally inside the rectum or externally around the anus. |
| What are the differences of Anuria & Polyuria | The virtual absence of urine production is termed anuria. Excessive urine production is polyuria, which may be due to diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus |
| Whats Dysuria | The sensation of pain &/or burning, stinging, or itiching of the urethra or urethral meatus associated with urination |
| Whats Nocturia | When you wake up more than one time each night to go to the bathroom |
| Whats Oliguria | Urinary output less than 400mL per day or less than 20 mL per hour |
| What is Glycosuria | Glucose in Urine. High sugar intake that points to type 1 or 2 Diabetes mellitus. Coined Sweet pee |
| What is dyspnea | breathing discomfort |
| what is the Braden Scale | developed to foster early identification of patients at risk for forming pressure sores. The scale is composed of six subscales that reflect sensory perception, skin moisture, activity, mobility, friction and shear, and nutritional status. |
| What is Hypovolemia | occurs when your body doesn't have enough fluid (blood) volume due to injury, illness or an underlying condition |
| What does Hemostasis mean | the stopping of a flow of blood |
| What is the Proliferative phase (epithelialization) | reestablishment of the epithelial surface and revascularization of the damaged area |
| What does Dehiscence mean | Come apart |
| What is Eschar | An eschar is a collection of dry, dead tissue within a wound. |
| What is Slough | the by-product of the inflammatory phase of wound healing comprising of fibrin, leucocytes, dead and living cells, microorganisms and proteinaceous material |
| What is tunneling | a type of chronic wound characterized by a narrow channel or tract extending from the wound's surface into deeper tissue |
| What is Abscess | a pocket of pus formed by infection |
| What is Staging | Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from where it first formed to other parts of the body |
| What could a golden color indicate on skin | Could indicate a possible infection |
| Order of operation in Nursing Assessment | Biographical data, Chief complaint or reason for seeking care, Health history, Present illness or health concern, Physical , psychological, Functional, Nutritional, Safety assessments , and Documentation/Communication |
| What does etiology mean | the cause or causes of a disease |
Created by:
Blaynejones
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