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CATBOL revision
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cancer | uncontrolled cell division |
| carcinogen | a chemical substance or physical process which gives rise to cancer in the body |
| centriole | an organelle containing micro-tubules that organises the spindle in nuclear division |
| centromere | a structure holding two sister chromatids together and to which spindle fibres attach during nuclear division |
| checkpoint | a point during the cell cycle where a check takes place that various processes have been completed in order to progress to the next stage |
| chemical energy | a type of energy which is stored in chemical bonds |
| chloroplast | the site of photosynthesis |
| chlorophyll | a green pigment, mainly found in chloroplasts, that can trap a portion of the suns energy and enable light energy |
| cholesterol | a type of lipid which is important in animal cell membranes and is used by cells to make steroid hormones and other lipids |
| chromatin | the granular material found in the nucleus of a cell during interphase when it is not dividing. It consists of unwound chromosomes and DNA molecules which are not visible with a light microscope |
| chromosome | structures which are found in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. They consist of DNA and proteins and store and carry genetic information from one generation to another. |
| crossing over | the exchange of genetic material between sister chromatids |
| cyclin | a component protein of MPF involved in the regulation of the cell cycle |
| cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk) | an enzyme to which cyclin binds, to form MPF |
| MFP | maturation promoting factor |
| cytoskeleton | the internal skeleton of a cell consisting of tiny tubules and filaments found in the cytoplasm. It is very important for the structure of the cell and in the movement of organelles within the cell |
| cytosol | the fluid part of the cytoplasm of a cell |
| DNA repair gene | genes that carry information needed to produce enzymes that can recognise and repair faulty sections of DNA, thereby reducing the number and effects of mutations |
| endoplasmic reticulum | a network of membranes in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells which is concerned with the transport of lipids and proteins |
| eukaryotic cells | a type of cell that has its internal structure organised into membrane-bound organelles e.g. nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts |
| golgi body | an organelle involved in the packaging and secretion of molecules out of the cell |
| haploid | a cell which contains only half the normal number of chromosomes (n) |
| heat (thermal) energy | energy that is due to the rapid movement of the atoms and molecules making up a substance. The higher the temperature, the more rapid the movement and the more heat energy is involved. |
| homologous chromosome | one of a pair of chromosomes which are the same size and shape and have the same genes at the same location (locus) |
| hormone | they bind to surface receptors in the cell membrane and bring about specific functions |
| insulin | a hormone produced by the pancreas which decreases the level of glucose in the blood, it works in the opposite way to glucagon |
| interphase | the stage in the cell cycle between cell divisions |
| karyotype | an image that shows total number of chromosomes organised into pairs |
| kinetic energy | the energy possessed by a moving object |
| lysosome | an organelle found in animal cells that produces enzymes that are involved in the digestion and destruction of foreign particles or waste materials |
| meiotic division | a type of cellular division that occurs in gonads (i.e. ovaries and testes) that gives rise to gamete cells (i.e. ova and sperm); it involves both meiosis and cytokinesis |
| metabolic pathway | a series of biochemical reactions occurring in cells, each catalysed by a specific enzyme |
| metabolism | all of the biochemical reactions occurring within an organism |
| metaphase | the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell |
| mitochondrion | an organelle which contain the enzymes necessary, and thus is the site for, aerobic respiration. They are commonly called the ‘powerhouse’ of the cell. |
| mitotic division | the type of cell division which gives rise to genetically identical daughter cells, it involves both mitosis and cytokinesis |
| nucleus | an organelle in a eukaryotic cell which contains the genetic information necessary for its activity and division. This information is in the form of DNA which forms into chromosomes. |
| oncogene | a gene which is involved in the regulation of cell division that if changed by mutation; it may cause a cell to divide uncontrollably and cause cancer |
| prokaryotic cell | a type of cell that does not have membrane-bound organelles or very much genetic material. The most common examples are bacteria and blue-green algae |
| prophase | chromosomes condense and become visible and the nuclear membrane disappears |
| radiant (light) energy | energy which is visible to the human eye, whether from the sun or some artificial source |
| ribosome | an organelle in the cytoplasm which has a vital role in translation |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | an endoplasmic reticulum membrane that has ribosomes attached to it |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | an endoplasmic reticulum membrane without ribosomes attached to it |
| somatic cell | normal body cells |
| stem cells | a type of unspecialised cells that is able to divide and produce different types of cells; may be pluripotent or multipotent |
| telophase | two new cells are formed |
| tumour suppression gene | a gene that carries information for a cell to produce a protein that stops cell division, thus preventing tumour formation and the onset of cancer |
| urea | a waste product, containing nitrogen, that is produced in the liver as a result of the metabolic breakdown of proteins |
| vacuole | a membrane-bound structure within the cytoplasm, usually involved in the storage of substances in solution and/or the transport of materials in and out of the cell |
| zygote | a cell which is formed as a result of the fertilisation of a male and female gamete e.g. sperm and ovum (egg) |
| anaphase | chromatids are pulled away to the ends of the cell by spindle fibres |
| apoptosis | a process that, once initiated, leads to the death of a cell |
| ATP/ADP cycle | the inter-conversion of ATP and ADP to store and release energy for various processes within the cell |
| binary fission | the method of asexual reproduction of prokaryotes where one cell divides into two |
| diploid | cells that contain the full complement of chromosomes i.e. pairs of chromosomes (2n) |
| fertilisation | the fusion of male (sperm) and female (ova) gametes to form a zygote and subsequently a new organism |
| ideal cell culturing conditions | nutrients, suitable growth medium, sterile environment, growth factors and ideal temperature, pH and gases |
| HeLa cella | immortal tumour cells from Henrietta Lacks |
| cell culture uses | vaccines, test antibiotics on bacteria, culturing embryos, improving food production and creating transgenic organisms |
| cell culture limitations | accumulation of toxins or dead cells, changes in pH, contact inhibition and stop dividing after 50 divisions |
| G1 checkpoint | checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage |
| G2 checkpoint | checks for DNA damage and DNA replication completeness |
| M checkpoint | checks for chromosomes attachment to spindle at metaphase plate |
| chemical factors that control the cell cycle | hormones that bind with specific target cells and tissues that are complementary in shape |
| chemical factor examples | growth hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and cytokinins |
| growth factor examples | proteins or hormones |
| signal transduction examples | the binding of a growth factor and the subsequent signal transduction causing gene stimulation |
| G1 checkpoint signal | growth factors bind to receptors on the cell membrane and signal for an increase in the production of cyclin |
| G2 checkpoint signal | Cdk binds to cyclin and the new complex is called MPF. As MPF increases, the cell cycle continues into mitosis |
| M checkpoint signal | Anaphase will not commence unless there is a decrease in MPF, which happens when cyclin breaks down, releasing the Cdk |
| metastasis | when cancer cell break away from the tumour mass and continue to divide in other parts of the body |
| malignant Tumour | a lump of invasive tissue |
| cause of an increase in mutation rate | chemical carcinogens, radiation and viruses |
| G0 | cells are removed from the cycle and are not dividing, though functioning |
| G1 | cell growth, ribosome synthesis, protein synthesis |
| S | DNA replication, histone synthesis, phospholipid synthesis |
| G2 | developing and preparing organelles for division |
| M | mitosis, division of the nucleus |
| cytokinesis | the division of the cytoplasm at the end of cell division |
| steps of mitosis | interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| mitosis letters | IPMAT |
| independent assortment | the way that homologous chromosomes line up at metaphase I |
| factors that increase genetic variation in meiosis | crossing over, independent assortment, mutations and random fertilisation of gametes |
| factors that increase genetic variation in mitosis | mutations |
| cell membrane movement depends on | size, lipid solubility and electrostatic charge |
| diffusion | the net flow of molecules in a fluid from a region of higher concentration to a lower concentration |
| factors that affect the rate of diffusion | temperature and viscosity of the fluid and the size of the particles |
| equilibrium | when the concentration inside and outside the cell is the same |
| facilitated diffusion | special carrier proteins and protein channels recognise a specific molecule and help it to move across the membrane |
| osmosis | the passage through the cell membrane from an area of low solute concentration to one of high solute concentration |
| hypertonic solution | cells lose water and become shrivelled |
| hypertonic solution | cells take in water and become turgid |
| isotonic solution | no net movement of water in cells |
| active transport | requires energy, molecules are moved against their concentration gradient and they are specific to the molecule that they transport |
| endocytosis | the taking in of external substances |
| exocytosis | release of substances from a cell |
| independent assortment | the way that homologous chromosomes line up at metaphase I |
| factors that increase genetic variation in meiosis | crossing over, independent assortment, mutations and random fertilisation of gametes |
| factors that increase genetic variation in mitosis | mutations |
| cell membrane movement depends on | size, lipid solubility and electrostatic charge |
| diffusion | the net flow of molecules in a fluid from a region of higher concentration to a lower concentration |
| factors that affect the rate of diffusion | temperature and viscosity of the fluid and the size of the particles |
| equilibrium | when the concentration inside and outside the cell is the same |
| facilitated diffusion | special carrier proteins and protein channels recognise a specific molecule and help it to move across the membrane |
| osmosis | the passage through the cell membrane from an area of low solute concentration to one of high solute concentration |
| hypertonic solution | cells lose water and become shrivelled |
| hypertonic solution | cells take in water and become turgid |
| isotonic solution | no net movement of water in cells |
| active transport | requires energy, molecules are moved against their concentration gradient and they are specific to the molecule that they transport |
| endocytosis | the taking in of external substances |
| exocytosis | release of substances from a cell |
| surface area to volume ratio relationship | as cells get larger, they have less surface area per unit volume meaning they are less efficient at taking in nutrients and excreting wastes |
| photosynthesis word formula | carbon dioxide plus water to sugar plus oxygen |
| cellular respiration formula | sugar plus oxygen to carbon dioxide plus water |
| ATP produced in glycolysis | 2 |
| ATP produced in the krebs cycle | 2 |
| ATP produced in phosphorylation | 34 |
| total number of ATP produced in cellular respiration | 38 |
| aerobic | requires oxygen |
| anaerobic | occurs without oxygen |
| fermentation in yeast and plants word equation | glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide |
| fermentation in animals and bacteria word equation | glucose to lactic acid |
| ATP produced in fermentation | 2 |
| 3 stages in cellular respiration | glycolysis, krebs cycle and phosphorylation |
Created by:
justineforrest
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