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Bio Final
Ace the test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What did Fred Griffith discover? How did his experiment work? | Transformation, Heredity information could be transferred between bacteria |
| What did Alfred Hershey discover? How did he know that the genetic substances was DNA instead of protein? | Provided evidence that DNA is the genetic material of viruses. |
| What are Chargaff’s Rules? Why are they important to the structure of DNA? | Rule of base composition, Rule of base pairing. provided crucial information on DNA composition and specific pairing of nucleotide bases. |
| What did Watson and Crick discover? | Double Helix structure of DNA |
| How was the work of Franklin and Wilkins critical to this discovery? | X-ray Crystallography by Rosalind Franklin, Collaboration and Data Sharing with Maurice Wilkins |
| What does it mean to say that DNA replication is semi-conservative? | each newly synthesized DNA molecule consists of one original (parental) strand and one newly synthesized (daughter) strand. |
| Can you describe the process of DNA replication? What enzymes are important to this process? | Initiation, Primer Synthesis, Elongation, Proofreading and Repair, Termination. Helicase, Primase, DNA Polymerase, Ligase, Single-Strand Binding Proteins, Topoisomerase, DNA Repair Enzymes |
| How does the structure of DNA transmit information? | enables it to transmit genetic information by encoding the sequence of nucleotide bases, which in turn specifies the sequence of amino acids in proteins. |
| What is the “Central Dogma” of molecular biology? | DNA makes RNA makes Protein |
| What are the three main types of RNA? | Messenger, Ribosomal, Transfer RNA |
| How is RNA different from DNA? | Composition, Structure, Function |
| How does the process of transcription work? | Initiation, Elongation, Termination, Processing (in eukaryotes) |
| How are mRNA transcripts edited before use? | alteration of individual nucleotides within the mRNA molecule, changes in the sequence of the mRNA |
| What are introns and exons? | Exons are the coding regions of a gene that contain the sequences of nucleotides that are translated into proteins. Introns are non-coding regions of a gene that interrupt the coding sequences (exons). Removed during mRNA processing. |
| How does the process of translation work? | Synthesis of proteins from mRNA molecules. Initiation, Elongation, Termination |
| What are the three stages of translation, and what happens in each? | Initiation the mRNA, the ribosome, and the initiator tRNA (carrying the amino acid methionine) come together During elongation, amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain. Termination occurs when a stop codonis encountered in the mRNA. |
| How does the structure of tRNA allow translation to occur? | by carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome, |
| What are some different types and causes of mutations? | Mutations are alterations in the DNA sequence Point mutation, frameshift mutation, Mutagens |
| Are most mutations harmful, neutral, or beneficial? | Most mutations are neutral or harmful |
| What is a mutation? | A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome |
| Who are some of the ancient Greek philosophers who had some ideas related to evolutionary thought? What were their ideas? | Aristotle, |
| Who were the early leaders of the Christian Church who had some ideas related to evolutionary thought? What were their ideas? | st. augistine, Darwin |
| Why were the ideas of St. Augustine so important? | Theological Influence:Doctrinal Clarity,Philosophical Synthesis:Influence on Western Thought:Legacy of Spiritual Autobiography |
| What is fixity of species? How is this related to the Chain of Being? | that species are unchanging and immutable entities, and because all living organisms are assigned a place based on their perceived complexity |
| What is mutability of species? | that species can change over time |
| What did early people think about fossils? | Mythological and Religious Interpretations,Cultural Interpretations:Naturalistic Explanations:Superstitious Beliefs |
| How did the work of Leonardo daVinci demonstrate that these ideas were wrong? | his pioneering scientific inquiries and observations in various fields, including anatomy, engineering, and natural history, laid the groundwork for later advances in these disciplines |
| Who was Carolus Linnaeus? What was his most famous work, and how did it lead him to question the idea of fixity of species? | he was a botanist, His most famous work is "Systema Naturae" |
| Who were some of the early geologists who contributed ideas to evolutionary thought? | James Hutton, Georges Cuvier, William Smith, Charles Lyell |
| What are Catastrophism and Uniformitarianism? | Catastrophism is the idea that Earth's geological features are primarily the result of catastrophic events. Uniformitarianism is the principle that the same natural laws observed today operated throughout Earth's history at similar rates |
| Who was Jean Baptiste de Lamarck? What was his famous theory? What were the four main components of this theory? How do we know he was wrong? | was a French naturalist and biologist, Zoological Philosophy, 4 ideas Use and Disuse: Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics: Complexification: Adaptation to Environment: proved wrong by Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection |
| Describe the early life of Charles Darwin. How did his journey on the H.M.S. Beagle, contribute to his evolutionary ideas? How did the work of Thomas Malthus and Charles Lyell influence his ideas? | was born into a rich family, He encountered including unique species found nowhere else in the world. Malthus that populations tend to increase exponentially while resources remain relatively constantLyell proposed the principle of uniformitarianism |
| Who was Alfred Russel Wallace? How did his work spur Darwin to finish On the Origin of Species? | Was a British naturalist biologist, he wrote to Darwin, outlining his ideas on evolution and natural selection. |
| What are the five components of the Theory of Natural Selection as we discussed them in class? Can you explain each in some detail? | Variation:the differences observed among individuals within a population. Heredity:refers to the transmission of traits from parents to offspring. Differential Reproduction:vary in their reproductive success Fitness: ability to survive Adaptation: |
| What is an adaptation in an evolutionary sense? | refers to a trait or characteristic that has evolved in a population over time |
| What is the definition of selection? What are the three different ways that selection can affect a population? Can you give an example of each? Is it possible for a trait to completely lack selection? Can you give an example of such a trait? | Individual with the best traits will survive and have the opportunity to pass on it's traits to off-spring. Directional- peppered moth , Stabilizing- birth weight, Disruptive- Darwin's finches, Possible to lack a trait, freckles |
| What is sexual selection? | Acts specifically on traits that influence an organism's ability to attract mates and successfully reproduce. |
| What are some other forces besides selection that may cause evolutionary change in a population? | Genetic Drift, Gene Flow, Mutation |
| What is the Hardy-Weinberg rule? How does this work through genetic drift to cause evolutionary change? | If the conditions of the equilibrium are met, the allele frequencies in a population will remain stable from one generation to the next. Genetic Drift throws off this principle. |
| What is the Biological Species Concept? | A concept in biology used to define a species based on reproductive isolation and genetic similarity. |
| What is the most important determinant of what makes a species separate from others? | Reproductive Isolation |
| What is a reproductive isolation mechanism? | Any barrier or mechanism that prevents individuals from different populations or species from successfully interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring. |
| What are the two main types of reproductive isolation mechanisms? | PREzygotic: Before the zygote POSTzygotic: After a zygote is formed |
| What is speciation? What are the two main types of speciation? | New species arise from existing population. ALLOPATRIC and SYMPATRIC |
| Can you describe how geographic (allopatric) speciation works? | populations become geographically isolated from one another |
| What are some types of sympatric speciation? | populations diverge into separate species while inhabiting the same geographic area, without physical isolation |
| What is the difference between cladogenesis and anagenesis? | Cladogenesis- Branched Evolution Anagenesis- Linear Evolution |
| What are the two models regarding the speed of speciation? | Gradualism- happens over long periods of time Punctuated Equilibrium- Happens rapidly within geological phases |
| What is an adaptive radiation? | a single ancestral species rapidly diversifies into a wide range of descendant species |
| What is background extinction? | refers to the ongoing, relatively low rate of extinction that occurs continuously over geological time periods. |
| What are the various forms of evidence for evolutionary change? | Fossil Record:Comparative Anatomy:Embryology:Molecular Biology:Biogeography:Experimental Studies: |
| What is a fossil? How are fossils made? | A fossil is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of a once-living organism from a past geological age , Decomposition and Mineralization: |
| What is the Geologic Time Scale? What are the three eras in the history of multicellular life? | Earth's history into distinct intervals of time based on major geological and biological events. |
| What is biogeography? | paleozoic Era: Mesozoic Era: Cenozoic Era: |
| What is the theory of plate tectonics? | a scientific model that describes the movement and interaction of large rigid plates that make up Earth's outer shell, known as the lithosphere |
| What is the proper format for a scientific name? | Genus then Species epithet EX: Homo sapiens |
| What are the kingdoms of the six-kingdom system? | Bacteria, Archaea, Protista: Fungi:Plantae:Animalia: |
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nat3dog32
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