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lecture 1-5 terms

pharmacology FRMB2612

TermDefinition
PHARMACOLOGY The study of the effect of drugs on the functioning of the body It's concerned with the interaction of drugs with the body
PHARMAKOKINETICS what happens to a drug when it enters the body and what the body does to the drug. its used to implement a dosing schedule.
CLASSIFICATION grouping of a drug based on charecteristics
MECHANISM OF ACTION how the drug works for desired effects
EFFECTS symptoms cause by the mechanism of action
THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS positive effects
SIDE EFFECTS negative or unwanted effects
INDICATIONS specific diagnosis a drug is used for
CONTA- INDICATIONS a condition where the drug cant be used
DRUG- INTERACTIONS when 2+ drugs are used together and the effects are altered by each other. those drugs cant be used together
FOOD- INTERACTIONS when drugs used with food alter the effect of the drug/ change the pharmacokinetics
THERAPEUTIC WINDOW safe range of a drugs use that is effective without harm
NARROW THERAPEUTIC WINDOW rage of drug being effective and harmful is close
PASSIVE DIFFUSION drug movement without energy
PASSIVE FACILITATED DIFFUSION
CARRIER MEDIATED TRANSPORT molecules help drugs move across cell membrane
ACTIVE TRANSPORT energy dependant movement of molecules against concentration gradient
FIRST PASS METABOLISM liver changes drug before it circulates in blood
FIRST ORDER KINETICS drug elimination at constant % / time unit
PLASMA HALF LIFE time for drug cncrntration in plasma to decrease by half
STEADY STATE when drug intake = elimination, maintaining a constant level
VOLUME DISTRIBUTION the space a drug occupies in the body
BIO- AVAILABILITY the porportion of a drug that reaches the blood stream
ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION repeated movements of drugs between liver and intestines
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION filtering drugs from blood to urine, in kidneys
ACTIVE SECRETION elimination of drugs (waste) in urine by kidneys
SELECTIVE REABSORPTION reclaiming drugs from urine back into the body/ blood stream
CLEARANCE rate by which body removes a drug
RECEPTOR MACROMOLECULAR COMPONENTS USUALLY SITUATED ON CELL MEMBRANES, BUT ALSO ON ORGANELLES WITHIN THE CELL OR CYTOPLASM.
RECEPTOR EPLAINED IMPORTANT SITE FOR DRUG ACTION ENDOGENOUS HORMONES, NEUROTRANSMITTORS AND OTHER MEDIATORS NORMALLY ACTIVATE SPECIFIC RECEPTORS BY BINDING TO THEM. lock and key
RECEPTOR EXPLAINED 1 DRUGS AND RECEPTORS SPECIFIC IN AN ORGAN- 1 ORGAN WITH 1 RECEPTOR TO ACT ON 1 DRUG. eg beta 1 and 2
RECEPTOR EXPLAINED 2 DRUGS ARE SPECIFIC FOR RECEPTORS IN AN ORGAN- MANY RECEPTORS IN AND ORGAN, EACH WITH A DIFFERENT FUNCTION. eg alpha 1(vasoconstriction) and alpha 2(vasodilatation)
RECEPTOR MECHANISM DRUGS STIMULATE/ INHIBIT RECEPTORS MOST DRUGS BIND TO CELULAR RECEPTORS IND INITIATE A SERIES OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES WITH CELLULAR RESPOSES LEADING TO THE EFFECTS OF THE DRUG
NON- RECEPTOR MECHANISMS DRUGS THAT EXERT THEIR EFFECTS VIA SIMPLE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES/ CHEMICAL REACTIONS DUE TO THEIR PRESENCE IN SOME BODY COMPARTMENT.
PHARMACODYNAMICS study of how drugs interact with receptors in the body to produce their effect
AGONIST a substance that activates a receptor and produces a biological response
ANTAGONIST a substance that blocks / inhibits the action of a receptor
COMPETETIVE ANTAGONIST an antagonist that competes with agonists for the same binder site
NON- COMPETITIVE ANTAGONIST an antagonist that affects receptor function without directly competing for the binder site
IRREVERSIBLE ANTAGONIST an antagonist that binds permanently to a receptor, rendaring it inactive
FUNCTIONAL ANTAGONIST 2 different agents with opposing actions that cancel each other out in terms of physiological effects.
CHEMICAL ANTAGONIST a substance directly counteracts the effects of another drug by binding to it
AFFINITY the strength of binding between and drug and receptor
INTRINSIC ACTIVITY the ability of an agonist to activate a receptor and produce a response
POTENCY refers to the amount of a drug that is needed to produce a specific effect
EFFICACY measures how effective a drug is at producing a therapeutic effect
ABSORPTION the movement of a drug from the site of administration to the bloodstream
DISRIBUTION movement of a drug from the bloodstream to the various body tissues
METABOLISM chemical inactivation of a drug through transforming it into a water soluble metabolite to be exceted by the kidneys
ELIMINATION movement of drug out of the body mainly through the kidneys but also through the lungs, skin, faeces, breast milk, etc
ROUTE OF ADMINITRATION PATH BY WHICH DRUGS ARE IN CONTACT WITH THE BODY
ENTERAL ROUTE OF ADMINITRATION BY WAY/ WITHIN THE GI TRACT
PARENTERAL ROUTE OF ADMINITRATION BY OTHER WAYS OTHER THAN THE GI TRACT (INJECTIONS DIRECTLY TO ORGAN)
TOPICAL ROUTE OF ADMINITRATION APPLIED DIRECTLY TO WHERE ACTION IS NEEDED
INFECTION invation and multiplicaton of microorganisms in the body leading to disease
PATHOGENIC BACTERIA bacteria that can cause disease in humans
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION infection cause by microorganisms that usually dont harm healthy individuals but take advantage of weakened immune systems
SUPERINFECTION new infection occuring during or after treatment for another infection
SELECTIVE TOXICITY ability of an antibiotic to target harmful microorganisms without harming host cells
RESISTANCE ability of a microorganism to withstand effects of antibiotic
SENSITIVITY testing microorganisms to determine which antibiotic effectively inhibits their growth
BROAD SPECRUM ANTIBIOTICS antibiotics effective against a wide variety of bacteria both gram + or -
NARROW SPECRUM ANTIBIOTICS antibiotics effective against a specific bacteria either gram + or -
BACTERIOCIDAL ANTIBIOTICS antibiotic that kills bacteria directly
BACTERIOSTATIC ANTIBIOTIC antibiotic that inhibits cell growth of bacteria without killing it
AEROBIC BACTERIA bacteria relying on oxygen to survive
ANAEROBIC BACTERIA bacteria that dont rely on oxygen to survive. they produce their own form of chemical compound
Created by: MBEWU M
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