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Neonatal/Pediatrics
Chapter 2 Fetal Gas Exchange and Circulation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| For nutrient and gas exchange, the fetus depends on __________. | the mother's circulation |
| A fertilized egg is known as a _____. | zygote |
| A ball of developing cells is called a _____. | blastocyst |
| The outer surrounding layer of the blastocyst is known as the _____. | trophoblast |
| What attaches to the uterine lining to allow for nutrient and gas exchange? | trophoblast |
| What becomes the placenta after attaching to the endometrial lining of the uterus? | trophoblast |
| What membrane is formed when the trophoblast combines with the tissues from the endometrium? | chorionic membrane |
| The tissues from the endometrium combine with what to form the chorionic membrane? | trophoblast |
| The cells inside the blastocyst arrange on one side in the shape of a figure 8. The center portion is known as what? | embryonic disk |
| What are the 3 layers of the embryonic disk? | ectoderm endoderm mesoderm |
| Which layer of the embryonic disk is associated with the central nervous and peripheral nervous systems? | ectoderm |
| Which layer of the embryonic disk is associated with the cardiovascular system and skin? | mesoderm |
| Which layer of the embryonic disk is associated with the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems? | endoderm |
| The embryo attaches to the outer layer of the amniotic sac through the umbilical stalk and later becomes the _____ _____. | umbilical cord |
| The union of sperm and mature ovum in the outer third layer is called _____. | fertilization |
| How many weeks from fertilization does it take for a baby to develop? | 40 weeks 10 lunar months 9 calendar months |
| The length of pregnancy after the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP). | gestational age |
| List the 3 stages of growth and development. | the ovum from conception to implantation embryo until 54-56 days after 55 days, it is now a fetus, until the end of pregnancy |
| What are the states of post delivery? | newborn/neonate - birth to 1 month infant - 1 month to 1 year child - 1 year to puberty adolescent - puberty to adult |
| Finger-like projections of tissue that are part of the placenta and the chorionic membrane. | chorionic villi |
| A _____ network forms within the chorionic villi and connects to the _____ _____. | capillary umbilical stalk |
| The umbilical cord connects the placenta to the fetus with one large _____ and 2 smaller _____. | vein arteries |
| What diffuses through the capillary network? | oxygen carbon dioxide nutrients |
| What connects the placenta to the fetus? | umbilical cord |
| A gelatinous substance inside the umbilical cord. | wharton's jelly |
| What is the purpose of wharton's jelly? | helps protect vessels and may prevent the umbilical cord from kinking, which could impair gas exchange |
| Maternal blood drains into the mother's _____ _____ and the fetal blood(oxygenated) returns to the fetal _____ _____. | venous system venous circulation |
| True or False. The baby's blood always mixes with the mother's blood. | False. The baby's blood NEVER mixes with the mother's blood. |
| By _____ weeks of gestation, the fetal heart is fully FUNCTIONAL, complete with all chambers, valves, and major vessels. | 8 |
| The heart is fully FORMED during the _____ week of gestation. | 3rd |
| What is the first major organ to develop in the fetus? | the heart |
| Small cellular pools called _____ _____ supply nutrition to the embryo. | angiogenic clusters |
| What grows from the ventricle to become the pulmonary artery and aorta? | truncus arteriosus |
| Fetal heart pressures are opposite to those in an adult, with high pressure being on the _____. | right |
| True or False. The mother's lungs and liver perform most of the metabolic functions of the fetus. | True |
| Fetal circulation pathway allows blood flow to be shunted around the fetal liver and lungs. List the 3 fetal shunts. | ductus venosus foramen ovale ductus arteriosus |
| The _____ _____ shunts approximately 30% to 50% of the oxygen-rich blood from the umbilical vein directly to the inferior vena cava. | ductus venosus |
| The ductus venosus shunts approximately _____% to _____% of the oxygen-rich blood from the umbilical vein directly to the _____ _____ _____. | 30, 50 inferior vena cava |
| The ductus venosus bypasses the fetal _____. | liver |
| The right _____ contains the highest oxygen saturations available to the fetus. | atrium |
| Most of the oxygenated blood from the inferior vena cava crosses through a shunt within the atrial septum known as the _____ _____. | foramen ovale |
| The foramen ovale forms during septation of the _____ . | atria |
| The _____ _____ acts as a one-way valve over the ostium secundum. | septum primum |
| A hole in the septum between the right and left _____. | atria |
| Blood is shunted from the _____ to the _____ atria. | right, left |
| Blood in the right atrium mixes with desaturated blood from the superior vena cava and drains into the _____ ventricle. | right |
| Blood in the right ventricle is pumped into the _____ _____. | pulmonary artery |
| True or False. Pulmonary vascular resistance in utero is high. | True |
| What percentage of pulmonary arterial blood reaches the lungs? | 13% to 25% |
| The majority of pulmonary artery blood flow is directed through the _____ _____ shunt. | ductus arteriosus |
| ________ of the umbilical vessels removes the low-pressure system of the placenta from fetal circulation. | clamping |
| What factors reduce the Pulmonary Vascular Resistance and increase pulmonary blood flow | inflation of the lungs rising systemic PaO2 inhibition of vasoconstricting agents |
| When the umbilical cord is clamped, what happens to PVR? | PVR decreases |
| When the umbilical cord is clamped, what happens to pressures in the right side of the heart? | pressures decrease |
| When the umbilical cord is clamped, what happens to pressures in the left side of the heart? | pressures increase |
| The closing of the _____ _____ further facilitates the increase of blood flow to the lungs. | foramen ovale |
| _____ _____ closes when the pressures in the left atrium become greater than those in the right atrium. | former ovale |
| Pressures in the aorta increases and becomes greater than the pressure in the pulmonary artery leading to what? | the amount of shunting through the ductus arteriosus decreases |
| As a result of being exposed to an increase in PaO2 and a decrease in PVR, what happens to the ductus arteriosus? | the ductus arteriosus closes |
| A decrease in the production of prostaglandins and prostoglandin receptors within the tissue of the ductus arteriosus causes what? | closure of the ductus arteriosis |
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