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A&P Lab Exam 1

A&P Ch.1-3 - Aug 2024

Question	Answer
Define Anatomy & Physiology	Anatomy - The study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationship - ie. how muscle attaches to skeleton Physiology - the study of how living organisms preform their vital functions - ie. what causes a muscle to contract
What is the correct order for the levels of organization starting with the simplest?	Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
Describe Anatomical Position	Hands at your side, palms facing forward, feet together
What is the difference between signs and symptoms?	Signs are objective - like a fever or something similar that is measurable Symptoms - subjective to the person - like tiredness or nausea
Dorsal	Back
Cranial	Skull or towards the skull
Inferior	Below, at a lower level or closer to the feet
Distal	Away from the point of attachment
Superficial	At or near the surface
Anterior	Front Surface
Medial	Toward the midline
Superior	Above, at a higher level or toward the head
Caudal	Toward the tail
Proximal	Toward the point of attachment
Lateral	Away from the midline
Deep	internal, away from the surface
Ventral	Belly side
Posterior	The back surface
A scientific hypothesis must be _____________.	Testable
Frontal (coronal) Plane	Divides Anterior and Posterior
List and locate the 9 abdominopelvic regions	1. Right Hypochondriac Region 2. Epigastric Region 3. Left Hypochondriac Region 4. Right Lumbar Region 5. Umbilical Region 6. Left Lumbar Region 7. Right Inguinal Region 8. Hypogastric (Pubic) Region 9. Left Inguinal Region
List the 4 Abdominopelvic Quadrant	1. Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) 2. Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) 3. Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) 4. Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Ventral Body Cavities	Thoracic Cavity - Pleural Cavity and Pericardial Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity - Peritoneal Cavity, Abdominal Cavity and Pelvic Cavity
Dorsal Body Cavities	Cranial Cavity Spinal Cavity
Define Homeostasis	homeo - similar stasis - state of standing means the existence of a stable internal environment
What are the 3 components of homeostatic regulation and what are their functions?	1. Receptor - a sensor sensitive to a stimulus or enviro change 2. Control Center - receives and processes the info supplied by the receptor and sends out commands 3. Effector - a cell or organ that responds to commands of the control center
What is the purpose of negative feedback? Give an example	An effector activated by the control center opposes, or negates, the original stimulus. An example of this would be sweating or shivering, the act of thermoregulation
What is the purpose of positive feedback? Give an example	An initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies or enhances the original change in conditions, rather than opposing it. Blood clotting would be an example of a positive feedback loop. Damaged blood vessels release a chemical to begin clotting.
Supine	Lying down face up
Prone	Lying down, face down
Lateral Recumbent	lying on one's side
Sagittal Plane	Divides left from right
Midsagittal Plane	Divides Equal Right and Left
Parasagittal Plane	Divides Off center from Right or Left
Transverse Plane / Transverse Section	Divides superior and inferior
Oblique Plane	Cuts across at a 45
Longitudinal Plane	Cuts length wise
Cross Section	shows the cut at the middle looking straight on
Diffusion	Net movement of a substance from area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (easy access) - diffusion is the movement of solutes or things being dissolved in water
Osmosis	Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane - osmosis is the movement of water across a membrane
Difference between osmosis and diffusion	diffusion is the movement of solutes (things dissolved in water) osmosis is the movement of water (across a semi permeable barrier)
Selective Permeability	Allows some materials to move freely but restricts others based upon size, electrical charge molecular shape and lipid solubility
Concentration gradient	the difference between high and low concentrations of a substance -- example the difference between intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid
on test Isotonic solution	(iso=same, tonos=tension) a cell in an isotonic solution stays the same size and shape. the concentration of the solutes in the cell is the same or equal to the solutes outside of the selectively permeable membrane.
on test Hypotonic Solution	(Hypo=below) lower solute concentration than the cell. a cell in hypotonic solution gains water or may rupture (hemolysis)
on test Hypertonic Solution	(Hyper=above) higher solute concentration than the cell. a cell in hypertonic solution loses water and shrinks (crenation)
Solvent	Dissolves another substance
Solute	The thing being disolved
Solution	Uniform mixture of solvent and solute
on test Water is special because	it is a universal solvent. Water is a polar covalent molecule
on test Hydration Sphere	When water forms a circle around a chemical to dissasociate the bonds with other chemicals causing them to come apart or ionize
on test OIL RIG	Oxidize is the loss of electrons. Reduced is the gain of electrons
Oxidize	Loss of electrons
Reduced	Gain of electrons
on test Pleural Cavities	lungs
on test Pericardial Cavity	Heart
on test Peritoneum Cavity	Abdomen
on test Visceral Pluera	On the lungs / lining around the lungs
on test Parietal Pleura	On the cavity of the lungs
on test visera pericardium	On the heart
on test parietal pericardium	on the cavity of the heart
on test visceral peritoneum	on the abdomen
on test parietal peritoneum	on the abdominal-pelvic cavity
Kindeys	Retro peritoneal. Kidneys are on the back outside the cavity. The peritoneum protects the kidneys from the intestines.
Atom	Smallest stable unit that can still be identified
Electron	Negatively charged
Ion	Charge particle
on test Ionic Bond	The exchange of electrons where they give away or take an electron, there is no sharing. Results in a full valence shell for both.
Covalent Bond	Sharing - not transferring electrons. (3) types of bonds. single, double, and triple
What are the 3 types of covalent bonds	Single bond (one pair of electrons). double bond (two pairs of electrons shared). triple bond (three pairs of electrons shared)
Atomic Number	Number of protons
Isotope	an element with a different number of neutrons
Mass Number	total number of protons + the total number neutrons
on test Extracellular Fluid (ECF)	The fluid outside of the cell. contains mostly sodium NA+
on test Colloid	Albumin Protein
on test Plasma	Electrolytes, Gases, Protein, Hormones
on test Buffy Coat	WBCS + Platelets
on test Hemocrit	Red Blood Cells (RBC) suspension but only if shaken continuously, otherwise they fall to the bottom.
on test Tonicity	how much solvent is in the solution
on test PH Scale	is rainbow colored. The more acidic the lower the PH. Base or Alkaline is 7
on test PH of human blood	7.35 - 7.45
What are the 4 types of Tissue	1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous
on test Epithelial Tissue (ET)	Lines and covers the surface of things. has no blood vessels but does have nerve endings. all epithelial sit on the basement membrane.
on test Connective Tissue (CT)	Connects, stretches and strengthens. Major structure of the body, made of Extracellular matrix (ECM) and fibroblasts.
on test Muscle Tissue	movement, heat and store energy.
on test Nervous Tissue	Propagation (conducts) electrical signals. example - memory and personality
on test What are the two types of cells in your body?	Sex cells and somatic cells
on test Plasma Membrane	Grey - membranous - controls things coming in and out and communicates with the enviroment
on test Microvilli	Grey - no defined boundary between them and cytosol - mostly for absorption - increases surface area and absorption
on test Nucleus	Purple - Membranous - contains the DNA and keeps it safe
on test Nucleolus	Purple - Membranous - baby form of the nucleus - contains the RNA
on test Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)	Blue - bumpy looking - have membranes - Ribosomes make the surface rough - they translate DNA to a protein through the small connection to the nucleus
on test Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)	Blue - smooth - have membranes - Steroids and detox - above the rough ER - does not have ribosomes so it doesn't make protein - instead it makes steroids like cholesterol allowing the body to detox, liver is full of smooth ER
on test Golgi Apparatus	Red - has a membrane - makes a product and packages it and sends it to the surface - similar to a shipping company - it takes a product like protein and puts a label on it and then ships it out through secretory vesicles
on test Secretory Vesicles	Red - ** call these vesicles on the exam - the containers released from the Golgi apparatus - finished proteins shipped to other parts of the body -
on test mitochondria	orange - has a membrane - has it's own DNA - ATP is the power in the cell which is the fuel your body runs on. Glucose is used to make ATP , oxygen is needed for the mitochondria ATP, CO2 and H20
on test Lysomes	Yellow Dot - has a membrane - breaks things down, contains acid within the dot and then uses that acid to break down other things with acid
on test Peroxisomes	White dot - has a membrane - produces hydrogen peroxide to break things down, hydrogen peroxide is the bi-product of breaking things down
on test Centrioles	Yellow Straw looking things - has a membrane - puts out spindle fibers (like spiderwebs) that grab onto chromosomes
What are the 3 types of fibers (fibroblasts)	1. Collagen 2. Elastin 3. Reticular - the net that catches thing and is stroma
Osteo Blast	Makes Bone
Osteo Cyte	Mature adult cells, managing and maintaining the bone cells
Osteo Clast	Breaks down, the grandma cell, the breakers that break down and break up the cells
on test Stroma	Lymph node of spleen liver, kidneys and red bone marrow.
on test Reticular CT	retain or catch in a mesh net, will look like a mesh net with red dots on the test, reticular fibers are made my reticular cells
on test Aerolar CT	goes around the material to keep it safe
on test Collagen	Thick strongest of the fibers
on test Elastin	stretchy and thin fibers
on test CT Proper	Loose (areolar, reticular, adipose) - Dense (regular and irregular)
on test Structural CT	how you build your body (bones - compact and spongy) and (cartilage - fibrocartilage, elastic or hyaline)
on test Fluid CT	Blood and Lymph
on test Adipose CT	Adipocyte has a fat vacuole to store fat which causes it to push the nucleus to the side causing an odd shape to the fat vacuole
on test What are the 4 types of tissue?	Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Epithelial Tissue (ET)	Lines & covers, on the surface of things. Has no blood vessels or nerve endings. All epithelial tissue sits on a basement membrane. Has a nucleus. Is named based on their shape & # of layers
Connective tissue (CT)	Connects, stretches & strengthens, network or mesh, protection
Muscle Tissue	Movement, heat & stores energy
Nervous tissue	Propagation (conducts) electrical signals Example: memory & personality
Hydrogen bond	Attraction between slightly positive charge on hydrogen and the slightly negative charge of FON (fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen). Responsible for surface tension. Bonds RNA and DNA and proteins. Repels lipids (fats and oils).
Sodium is the main electrolyte in	ECF - extracellular fluid
Popliteal	Back of knee
Calcaneal	Heel
Cephalic	Head
Deltoid	Curve of shoulder
Acromial	Front point of shoulder
Axillary	Arm pit
Olecranal	Posterior (back) surface of elbow
Occipital	Posterior (back) of head
Antecubital	Anterior (front) of elbow
Cervical	Neck region (think c spine)
Reactants	Starting substance
Products	Ending substance
Water is special because	It’s the universal solvent, it has a high specific heat and resists changing temps, it’s an effective lubricant because it causes little friction
States of matter	Solid, liquid, gas
Heat	An increase in random molecular motion
Collisions create	Chemical reactions
Types of chemical restrictions	Decomposition (catabolism), synthesis (anabolism), exchange, reversible, OILRIG
Exchange reaction	No components are added or removed - just a new combination
Aqueous solution	Has water as the solvent
Inorganic ions	Conduct electricity when dissolved in water
PH decreases as	H+ concentration increases. OH decreases
The PH of water is	7. Water is neutral
Weak acids and weak bases function as	Buffers to balance the PH
Salt	Ionic compound containing any cation except H+ and any anion except OH-. Sodium and chloride are most common
Buffers	Stabilize pH of a solution by removing or replacing H+
Inorganic compound	Does NOT contain carbon bonded to hydrogen as their primary structure - examples: Water, salt, hydrochloric acid (HCI), carbon dioxide (CO2), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
Organic compounds	Molecules containing carbon and hydrogen, do not dissolve in water easy, contain peptide bonds - examples: covalent bonds = organic, carbohydrate, proteins, lipids, DNA, RNA, ATP, nucleic acid
Shapes of proteins	Primary (straight chain), secondary (alpha helix spiral, beta pleated flat sheets), tertiary structure (coiling and folding), quaternary (squared)
Chaperonins	Enzymes that help fold proteins
Our dna is ____ bonds = ____ bonds	Covalent bonds = organic bonds
Sex cells	Reproductive cells
Somatic cells	JAll other body cells
Glycocalyx	Sugary sticky outer coating on the plasma membrane. Makes the surface slippery and hard to attack. Recognizes self vs non-self (diseases)
Prokaryotes	No true nucleus. Bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotes	You are made of these, plants, animals, algae. They do have nucleus. “Normal” “good”
The two compartments of a cell are ____ and ____. They are separated by the _____	Extracellular and intracellular. They are separated by the plasma cell membrane.
Plasma cell membrane is ____	Selectively permeable
Selectively permeable	Based on size, shape, electrical charge and lipid solubility
What are the structural classes of membrane proteins	1. Integral proteins (transmembrane which spans the entire width of the lipid bilayer - cannot be separated without destroying the membrane) 2. Peripheral proteins (bound to inner OR outer surface of the membrane, can be removed easily)

Created by: rebeccahill336

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