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What is genetics?
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Mod 1.1- Rady
Chapter 0
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is genetics? | the study of heredity in all its manifestations. specifically, genes are the main subject |
| Why is genetics important? | 1. it unifies the study of biology 2. it has a profound impact on human affairs |
| When were animals domesticated? | around 13,000 BCE |
| When were plants domesticated? | around 8,000 BCE |
| The __________ is thought to be the location where domestication first occurred. But, what was learned later? | middle east, but domestication actually took place idependently in a number of places |
| What was the main achievement of animal/plant domestication? | it allowed humans to transition from the hunter gatherer lifestyle to farm based living. Eventually, settlements and population expansion were on the rise |
| Who provided the first formal attempt of heredity and variation? | Greek philosophers |
| Who was Pythagoras (in regards to genetics)? | speculated that a new individual is formed by a union of male and female vapors from various organs |
| Who was Hippocrates (in regards to genetics)? | - on the seed - thought that only males determined inheritance |
| Who said the following, "of the semen, however, I assert that it is secreted by the whole body healthy by healthy parts, sick by sick parts. Hence as a rule, bald-headed begets bald-headed, blue eyed beget blue-eyed" | Hippocrates |
| Who was Democritus (in regards to genetics)? | - Nurture vs Plato's (nature) |
| Who was Plato (in regards to genetics)? | - Nature - The Republic - Advocated the selection of spouses to produce children who will develop into bodily and ethically eminent personalities |
| Who said, "More people become able by excercise than by their natural predisposition" | Democritus |
| Who was Aristotle (in regards to genetics)? | Developed theory of inheritance: - the male semen was only formed from the blood - the menstral blood contained the "matter" for offspring - the "form" controls and shapes the "matter" into the mature offspring |
| Who was Lucretius (in regards to genetics)? | - De Rerum Natura (Devine Intervention) - Roman |
| What specifically pushed Lucretius to his way of thinking? | because traits sometimes skipped a generation, he thought that their liquid was still contained in their offspring and it would miss a generation and flow into the next |
| Who was William Harvey (in regards to genetics)? | - he proposed that all living things originate from an egg - introduced the theory of epigenesis |
| What is the Theory of Epigenesis? | - all parts of the embryo are present potentially in the egg - the organism evolves by gradual building up and aggregation of these parts |
| Who was Regnier de Graaf (in regards to genetics)? | - proposed that both sexes transmit agents of heredity - described small lamps in the ovaries and incorrectly thought he had discovered the mammalian egg -contributed greatly to the understanding of female mammalian reproductive system (ovulation) |
| Who was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (in regards to genetics)? | - father of microbio and microscopes - observed sperms of humans and later mammals - speculated that the sperm provides the essential life-giving properties and the egg furnishes the environment for nutrition and development -spermatazoa |
| What is the Theory of Preformation? | the organism is contained in one of the sex cells as a fully developed homunculus - with proper nourishment the homunculus unfolds into adult proportions |
| Spermists belief | the homunculus was found in sperm |
| Ovists belief | the homunculus resided in the egg |
| Who was Casper Wolff (in regards to genetics)? | - discredited the Theory of Preformationism (homunculus) - demonstrated that different adult structures of both animal and plants were not preformed but rather appeared gradually during the course of embryonic development |
| Who was Carl von Linne (in regards to genetics)? | - developed a hierarchial system for classification of plants and animals - developed the binomial system of nomenclature - Fixity of species |
| What is the fixity of species? | says that living things retain the same form from the moment they appear on the earth |
| Who was Jean Baptiste Lamarck (in regards to genetics)? | - proposed the first theory of evolution - Theory of inheritance of Acquired Characteristics |
| What is the Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics? | 2 major laws: 1. Change in the environment -> change in needs -> change in behavior -> excess use or disuse of organ or structure -> inc or dec in size of organ or structure 2. all changes of such are inherited - By JB Lamarck |
| Who is Charles Darwin? | He contradicted Linnaean Fixity of the Species - 3 major claims: 1. variation is a characteristic of animals/plants 2. variation is inherited 3. organisms over-produce to survive 4. favorable variations are more likely to survive and pass down traits |
| What was the flaw with Darwin's The Origin of the Species ? | it was heavily criticized because there ws nothing regarding genetic mechanisms of variation and inheritance |
| Explain Pangenesis | - By Darwin - Cells of developing organisms can produce gemmules - Gemmules are carried by blood to reproductive organs where gametes are made - after fertilization, combined gemmules separate to different parts of the body to develop |
| What is a gemmule? | exact but minute copies of each body part |
| Who was August Weismann (in regards to genetics)? | - he disproved theory of pangenesis (darwin) with mice - proposed Germplams |
| What is the Germplasm Theory of Heredity? | - mutlicellular living organisms are made of 2 types of tissue: 1. Somatoplasm 2. Germplasm |
| What is Somatoplasm? | 'discovered' by Weismann (not real) - body tissues that are set aside for functioning of the organism |
| What is Germplasm? | 'discovered' by Weismann (not real) - heredity material that is set aside for reproductive purposes associated with the nucleus. There was a continuity of germplasm between generations |
| Who were the 2 big plant hydridists before Mendel? Why is Mendel known instead? | 1 Joseph Gottlied Kolreuter 2. Karl Friederich Gaertner - they obtained similar results to Mendel but failed to realize the significance |
| Who was Joseph Gottlied Kolreuter? | - first to perform systematic hybridization experiments in plants - studied the pollination process and revealed the important of insets to pollination |
| Who sas Karl Friederich Gaertner? | he carried out nearly 10,000 crosses involving 700 species of plants over 80 genera |
| Who was Johann Gregor Mendel? | - priest who worked with garden pea plants - used his results to propose the Particulate Theory of Inheritance - presented his work in 1865 to Brunn National History Society I - published Experiments in Plant Hybridization in 1866 |
| How long did it take for Mendel's work to be noticed? Who discovered it? | After 34 years, 3 botanists: 1) Hugo de Vries 2) Carl Correns 3) Erich con Tschermak all rediscovered Mendel's work |
| Who Was Wiliam Bateson? | - english biologist that expanded Mendel's conclusions to animals - coined GENETICS - Published Mendel's Principles of Heredity: a defency, with translation of Mendel's Hybridisation |
| What were the first traits studied in humans? | polydactyly and Hempphilia |
| What is polydactyly? | - has bible mention - autosomal trait where one has multiple fingers and toes (usually 6) on each hand/foot - Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis studied it in a Berlin family |
| What is Hemophilia? | - bleeding disorder mentioned in Talmud where circumcision was not reccomended due to large loss of blood where brothers, maternal uncles, and first cousins on MOTHER's side had the disorder |
| Who was John C. Otto? | - provided first accurate account of hemophilia in modern medicla literature - followed a NH family of 'bleeders' - described the x-linked recesive inheritance of disorder |
| Who was John Hay? | - studied a family of bleeders from MA - provided first detailed clinical manifestations of the disease - confirmed X-linked recessive nature - formulated first pedigree of the disease of Queen VIctoria |
| Describe the classic hemophilia pedigree of Queen Victoria's family. | Victoria's 9 children: 1) Beatrice, carrier, introduced the genes to Spanish royals 2) Alice, carrier, introduced gene to Rus/Prussian royals 3) Leopold, son who died of disease, 4) Edward 7th (brit) who did not inherit it - 10 male descendants affected |
| Who coined the term Eugenics? | Francis Galton in 1883 |
| What did Francis Galton do? | - examined familial relationships of british hierarchy as well as famous pop-culture people - believed that many human traits are inherited and thus subjects to selection - concerned with "differential fertility" of the "genetically-inferior" |
| What is positive eugenics? | encouraging the reproduction of those with beneficial traits - one of Galton's solutions |
| What is negative eugenics? | discouraging the reproduction of those with undesirable traits - one of Galton's solutions |
| Who was Charles Davenport? | - the US chief advocate for eugenics - founded Eugenics Records Office - Hired Harry Laughlin as superintendent |
| What signifigance did the Eugenics movement have on the 20th century? | 1. Compulsory sterilization of 'eugenically-unfit" individuals 2. laws against race mixing 3. Immigration Restriction Act of 1924 |
| What was the issue with the Eugenics movement? | the movement was tainted by bad science with strong prejudices and ended up closing the ERO in 1939 |
| Even though the eugenics movement haulted in 1939, when did it stop? | it continued into the 1970s, specifically for the mentally ill and inprisoned. Eventually, 33 state were accused for compulsory sterilization accounting for 60,000 americans being involuntarily sterilized |
| The American Eugenics movement was a model for ______________ | Nazi programs prior and during WWII |
Created by:
MSchmitt23
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