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Unit 3 Written Study
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the characteristics of muscles? | Contraction, Excitability, Extensibility, and Elasticity |
| Explain Muscle Contraction | reduces space |
| Explain Muscle Excitability | respond to stimuli |
| Explain Muscle Extensibility | ability to stretch |
| Explain Muscle Elasticity | ability to return to original length when relaxed |
| Muscle Cramp | Sustained, painful, involuntary muscle contraction |
| How are muscles named? | •Location = gluteus maximus •Size = gluteus maximus •Direction = rectus abdominus •# of origins = triceps, biceps, quads •Location of origins =sternocleidomastoid •Insertion = flexor digitorum •Action = flexor digitorum |
| What are the different types of muscles? | Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth |
| Describe Skeletal muscles | It moves the skeleton Contract quickly, fatigue easily, contract for short periods of time Voluntary, Striated |
| Describe Cardiac muscles | The pumping action of the heart contract quickly, do not fatigue easily, receive electrical stimuli and contract together Involuntary, Striated |
| Describe Smooth muscle | it controls involuntary organs contract slowly, do not fatigue easily, stay contracted for long periods of time. Involuntary, Non-Striated |
| Where are Skeletal muscles located? | Attached to bones of skeleton |
| Where are Cardiac muscles located? | Wall of the heart |
| Where are Smooth muscles located? | Found in walls of internal organs, such as those of digestive tract |
| What is a sphincter? | It is a circular muscle that controls the entry and exit of substances, and is located at an opening. |
| Define meninges | Membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord. |
| What are the three layers of the meninges? | Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, and Pia mater |
| Dura mater | Tough, dense connective tissue Not attached to the spinal cord separated by epidural space outer layer of the meninges |
| Arachnoid mater | weblike Middle layer of the meninges |
| Pia mater | Attached to surface of brain, spinal cord Contains blood vessels & nerves; Nourishes CNS innermost layer of the meninges |
| What are the major portions of the brain? | Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, and Brainstem: Pons, Midbrain, Medulla Oblongata |
| What are the five lobes of the cerebral hemispheres? | Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Temporal lobe, Occipital lobe, and Insula |
| Function of the Frontal Lobe | Concentration, planning, problem solving, judging consequences of behavior |
| Function of the Parietal Lobe | Temp, touch, pressure, and pain of the skin |
| Function of the Temporal Lobe | Hearing |
| Function of the Occipital Lobe | Vision |
| Function of the Insula Lobe | Processes taste information |
| How many cranial and spinal nerves are there? | There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
| 1. Olfactory | Smell |
| 2. Optic | Vision |
| 3. Oculomotor | Eyelid and eyeball movement |
| 4. Trochlear | Innervates superior oblique muscle, turns eye downward and laterally |
| 5. Trigeminal cranial nerve | Face and mouth touch, chewing |
| 6. Abducens | Turns eye laterally |
| 7. Vestibulocochlear | Hearing, equilibrium, sensation |
| 8. Glossopharyngeal | Taste, senses carotid blood pressure |
| 9. Vagus | Senses aortic blood pressure, slows hear rate, stimulus digestive organs, taste |
| 10. Spinal accessory | Controls trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles and swallowing |
| 11. Hypoglossal | Movement of tongue muscles |
| 12. Facial | Controls most facial expressions, secretion of tears and saliva, taste |
| What are the divisions of the Nervous System? | Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System |
| Central Nervous System | •Brain •Spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | •Sensory •Cranial nerves •Spinal nerves •Motor |
| What are the divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System? | Sensory Division and Motor Division |
| Sensory Division | A division of the (PNS) Picks up sensory information and delivers it to the CNS Carries information to muscles and glands |
| Motor Division | A division of the (PNS) Carries information to muscles and glands |
| What are the divisions of the Motor Division? | Somatic and Autonomic |
| Somatic Division | Part of the motor division carries information to skeletal muscle |
| Autonomic Division | Part of the motor division carries information to involuntary body systems (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands) |
| fight or flight | Sympathetic division |
| Sympathetic division | Most active under energy-requiring, stressful, emergency situations |
| resting and digesting | Parasympathetic division |
| Parasympathetic division | Most active under resting, non-stressful conditions |
| what are neurons? | neurons are nerve cells that send and receive signals from your brain consisting of 3 main parts |
| What are the three main parts of neurons? | axon, dendrite and cell body |
| Describe the function of axon | Conducts electrical signals away from the nucleus |
| Describe the function of dendrite | Receive messages from other neurons |
| Describe the function of cell body | Stores genetic material and produces energy to function |
| Synapse | contains a small gap separating neurons |
| Synaptic knob | enlargements at the end of an axon that release a neurotransmitter |
| Neurotransmitter | a chemical substance that is released by a neuron that send a message from the nerve to another cell. Example Acetylcholine |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord, providing protection, nourishment, and waste removal. |
| Cranial nerves | Arise from the brain and are distributed in the head, neck, and facial regions |
| Spinal nerves | Arise from the spinal cord and are distributed in the other parts of the body such as the skin, skeletal muscles |
| Cerebrum | Largest part of the brain, involved in sensory and motor functions |
| Diencephalon | Relays conscious and unconscious thoughts. |
| Cerebellum | Controls muscle posture, tone, and balance |
| Brainstem | Includes pons, midbrain, and medulla oblongata; connects the brain to the spinal cord. |
Created by:
Finah215
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