Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Exam 3- Anatomy
Unit 10- CNS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Specialized cells that are known as the functioning cells in the CNS. | neurons |
| What are the 2 main departments of the nervous system? | CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
| What makes up the CNS? | basically, the brain and spinal cord |
| What is the CNS responsible for? | analyzing and interpreting the data the PNS collects and sends to it |
| When the signal is received by the CNS from the PNS, what happens? | the CNS will send a signal back to the PNS after it analyzes it and will tell the PNS what to do/how to react |
| Both the CNS and PNS contain what 2 types of neurons? | afferent and efferent |
| Afferent neurons carry things to a ____________ point. | central |
| Efferent neurons carry things ________ from a central point. | away |
| Afferent neurons are also known as what in the PNS? | sensory neurons bc they carry signals from the PNS to the brain and spinal cord for analysis |
| In the CNS, the afferent neurons carry the signal to what? | specific part of the brain, depends on the type of signal bc different parts of the brain recognize/analyze different things *study chart in PPT* |
| Efferent neurons in the PNS are also known as what? | motor neurons because many of them carry information out of the center to muscles to make us move and every other organ of the body so they can keep up with normal function |
| In the CNS, efferent neurons carry information where? | carry information from special parts of the brain to other parts of the brain or spinal cord |
| In the PNS, efferent neurons are divided into what 2 branches? | somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system |
| The somatic nervous system controls what? | all the stuff you think about doing, like all of the information coming through your senses and the movement of your body when you want it to make movements |
| When you touch something hot, what part of the CNS actually sends the efferent neurons back with the signal to move your hand? | the spinal cord **the afferent neurons of the PNS do not even make it to the brain because the spinal cord will interfere and send efferent neurons back quickly telling you to move your hand due to the REFLEX LOOP** |
| The autonomic nervous system controls what? | carries signals from the CNS that drive all of the things that your body does without thinking about them |
| Give some examples of the autonomic nervous system. | Heartbeat, digestion, breathing, saliva production, all organ functions |
| What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system? | sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division |
| Sympathetic division is responsible for what? | prepares our body for action |
| In what ways does the sympathetic division prepare our body for action? | upping heart rate and blood pressure, enhancing our sense of smell, dilating the pupils, and activating our adrenaline, shutting down blood supply to our digestive and reproductive systems so blood goes to our lungs and muscles when we need to run |
| Parasympathetic division is responsible for what? | relaxes our body |
| How does the parasympathetic division help us relax? | dials down heart rate and blood pressure, constricts our lungs, makes our nose run, increases blood flow to reproductive system, produces saliva, encourages us to use the bathroom |
| Together the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems create what? | homeostasis |
| **Watch the Nervous System video for anatomy of neuron. Starts at 6:17 mins** | ... |
| Membrane potential | a difference in voltage/electrical charge between the inside and the outside of the membrane |
| When a neuron is inactive it is known as what? | resting potential |
| Action potential | a brief event where the electrical potential of a cell rapidly rises and falls |
| **Table of contents of the video: CNS, PNS, Afferent and Efferent neurons, Somatic System, Autonomic System, Sympathetic Division, Parasympathetic Division, Anatomy of neuron, resting potential, and action potential | ... |
| **Study brain anatomy | ... |
| How many ventricles are in the brain? | 4 |
| Where are the ventricles? | 2 lateral, 3rd is in the diencephalon, and the 4th is in the hindbrain |
| What fills the ventricles? | CSF |
| What forms the CSF? | choroid plexus |
| What happens if a tumor blocks/obstructs a ventricle or CSF pathway? | pain/hydrocephalus |
| What happens if a tumor fragment gets into a CSF pathway? | will metastasize |
| What is the outer layer of the meninges? | dura |
| What is the layer of the meninges that contains the blood vessels? | arachnoid |
| This space holds the CSF. | subarachnoid |
| What meninge layer covers the brain? | pia |
| The spinal cord is ____ cm in length. | 45 |
| The spinal cord extends from the ________ _________ to the level of ______ and _______. | foramen magnum; L1-L2 |
| What covers the spinal cord? | CSF |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31 |
| List the spinal nerves. | 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal |
| What is broca's area responsible for? | ability to produce and process language (simple term - speech) |
| Broca's aphasia | some ability to understand speech but an inability to produce intelligible words |
| What is one way a person with broca's aphasia could communicate? | singing, because singing is processed by a different part of the brain |
| What are the 3 main components of the brain stem? | midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
| What does the components of the brain stem do? | together they regulate many of the most basic, vital involuntary functions (heart beat, breathing, sleep, appetite) |
| Which part of the brain stem is responsible for our visual and auditory reflexes? | midbrain |
| What is found in the diencephalon? | thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and mammillary bodies |
| What is the largest portion of the brain that performs the highest functions? | cerebrum |
| What splits the 2 cerebral hemispheres? | fissure |
| How do the 2 cerebral hemispheres communicate? | through a series of myelinated axon fibers called the corpus callosum |
| What is the frontal lobe responsible for? | governs muscle movement, motor skills, and cognitive functions *Finishes development after teen years |
| Occipital lobe processes what? | processes bright visual cues |
| Parietal lobe processes what? | processes the sensation of touch, pain, and pressure |
| The temporal lobe is does what? **According to crash course | helps sort out certain auditory information, including language |
| What region does the temporal lobe contain that is important in the production of written and spoken language? | Wernicke's area |
| What other 2 parts does the temporal lobe contain? | hippocampus and amygdala |
| Hippocampus is the ______-_______ memory keeper. | short-term |
| What does the amygdala control? | sexual behavior and social behavior |
| **Watch the Brain video to learn about brain development.** | ... |
| What is the function of the frontal lobe? | concentration, planning, judgement, emotional expression, creativity, inhibition |
| What is the function of the parietal lobe? | sensory area, sensation from muscles and skin |
| What is the function of the temporal lobe? | association area, short-term memory, equilibrium, and emotion |
| What is the function of the occipital lobe? | visual area, sight, image recognition, image perception |
| What separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum? | tentorium (tentorial line) |
| Everything below the tentorium is referred to as ___________ ______. | posterior fossa |
| A group of nerves that come from the spinal cord in the neck and travel down the arm. | brachial plexus |
| What does the brachial plexus control? | the muscles of the shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand, as well as provide feeling in the arm |
| What is the significance of the brachial plexus in radiation therapy? | for times when we treat a pancoast tumor in the apex of the lung |
| T or F. A primary brain tumor usually presents in multiples. | False, usually 1 tumor that is large and destructive. |
| How does metastatic brain cancer present itself? | multiple tumors, smaller, not as destructive |
| What 2 types of cells are found in nervous tissue? | glial cells and neurons |
| Glial cells are known as the _________________ cells. | supportive |
| Neurons are known as the _____________ cells. | functioning |
| What cells are electrically excitable and highly differentiated that function to process and transmit information? | neurons |
| Do neuron cells divide? | No |
| What 2 things protect the neuron and allows for electrical impulses to transmit quickly and effectively? | fat (lipids) and protein (myelin) |
| The average human brain contains approximately _______ - ________ _______________ neurons. | 100-200 billion |
| How do people get brain tumors if brain cells aren't actively going through mitosis? | ... *if this is unanswered remind me to answer it LOL |
| What cells provide support and protection to the neurons? | glial cells |
| Name all of the functions of the glial cells. | -support and hold neurons in place -supply nutrients and oxygen -insulate one neuron from another -destroy and remove neurons as they die and other foreign material via phagocytosis -repair areas of damage |
| Name all of the 5 glial cell types that we will most commonly deal with. | -astrocytes -ependymal cells -oligodenocytes -microglia -schwann cells |
| Which cells are star shaped and found in the blood brain barrier? | astrocytes |
| Which glial cell type line the ventricles? | ependymal cells |
| Which glial cell type creates the myeline sheath in the CNS? | oligodendocyte |
| Which glial cell type is responsible for phagocytosis? | microglia |
| Which glial cell type creates the myelin sheath in the PNS and help repair damage? | Schwann cells |
| What cells found in the BBB expand in all directions and make contact with the neurons? | astrocytes, endothelial cells, pericytes, and microglial cells |
| Which cell secretes chemicals that regulate how endothelial cells transfer substances into the CNS from the blood? | astrocytes |
| What percent of primary tumors in the CNS involve the brain and spinal cord? | brain - 80% spinal cord - 20% |
| What are the most common age ranges for a primary tumor in the CNS? | first: 3-12 second: 50-80 |
| Name a few etiological factors of a primary CNS tumor according to environment/exposure. | radiation exposure, chemical exposure, electromagnetic fields from power lines (controversial) |
| Name a few etiological factors of a primary CNS tumor according to lifestyle/dietary factors. | cell phones (controversial), hair dyes (controversial), nitrites, aspartame (controversial), smoking |
| Name 2 etiological factors of a primary CNS tumor according to inherited/genetic conditions. | neurofibromatosis and li-fraumeni syndrome |
| What is the main symptom of a primary brain tumor? | headaches |
| Other than headaches, what are some other common symptoms of a primary brain tumor? | seizures, fatigue, nausea and vomiting |
| Specific symptoms of a primary brain tumor depends on what? | the location of the tumor |
| What 4 imaging modalities are used to diagnose and primary brain tumor? | CT, MRI, functional MRI, and PET |
| What 3 type of biopsies could be used for a primary brain tumor? | needle, stereotactic, or open |
| What is the most common lab test to be done for a primary brain tumor? | lumbar puncture to sample CSF |
| The lumbar puncture to sample the CSF is particularly helpful in diagnosing what? | lymphomas, pineal tumors, and meningeal tumors |
| How are primary brain tumors classified? | cell type, grade, and location |
| If the primary brain tumor is a glioma, what types could it be? | astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, and brain stem glioma |
| How can a primary brain tumor metastasize? | can spread via the CSF and cause 'drop metastases' along the spinal cord |
| How would a primary brain tumor be treated? | treatment is highly customized and can involve surgery, chemotherapy (gliadel wafers), targeted therapies, and/or radiation therapy |
| These tumors found in the brain grow slowly over time and do not spread or infiltrate any other part of the brain. | benign brain tumor and are considered low grade |
| When imaging the brain for an astrocytoma, what does it mean if there is no contrast or contrast in reference to the grade of the tumor? | no contrast = low grade tumor contrast = high grade tumor |
| What does the prognosis of an astrocytoma depend on? | age, grade, and KPS |
| What type of symptoms would someone with an oligodendroglioma experience if it is found in the frontal and temporal lobes? | issues with concentration, planning, judgement, emotional expression, creativity, inhibition, short-term memory, equilibrium, and emotion |
| Where would an ependymoma be found in the brain? | in the passageways where CSF is found |
| Ependymoma tumors that are slow growing are considered stage 1 and ____________. | benign |
| What is the treatment of choice for all stages of an ependymoma? | surgery |
| Brain stem glioma is also known as what? | diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) |
| What age group is the DIPG worse for and why? | children; only option is chemo and radiation and the tx is not really effective.... this is a death sentence |
| What symptoms would someone experience if they had DIPG? | eye problems, headaches, balance, walking, chewing, weakness in limbs |
| Almost all pituitary adenomas are what? | benign |
| How might a pituitary adenoma be removed? | through the nose |
| Is there a chance a pituitary adenoma might grow back? | Yes |
| What is the cell type of a medulloblastoma? | primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) |
| Where is a medulloblastoma in the brain? | in the cerebellum or posterior fossa |
| How do medulloblastomas tend to spread? | via the CSF and cause drop metastases |
| How are medulloblastomas treated? | via cranio-spinal irradiation (whole brain + entire length of the spine) |
| Are medulloblastomas a childhood or adult tumor? | childhood tumor |
| Vestibular Schwannoma is also known as what? | acoustic neuroma |
| An acoustic neuroma is ___________. | benign |
| What cranial nerve does the acoustic neuroma involve? | 8th cranial nerve |
| What symptoms could a patient with an acoustic neuroma experience? | balance issues, dizziness, and hearing loss |
| What medication is given to patients to reduce brain swelling or edema caused by the tumor or the treatment? | Dexamethasone (decadron) and prednisone |
| This type of chemotherapy is toxic to the cells including hormones and steroids. | cytotoxic |
| Cytotoxic chemical examples that can cross the BBB include... | carmustine, lomustine, vincristine, procarbazine, and temodar |
| Chemotherapy agents that stop cells from reproducing or performing necessary functions. | cytostatic |
| Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors | tarceva, erbitux, and tagrisso |
| The smaller the field, the _____________ the dose. | higher |
| GliaSite procedure steps | A—the balloon is surgically placed B—the reservoir is secured C—scalp is closed D—axial MRI image of brain lesion pre-treatment E—axial CT image of GiaSite balloon placement |
| What medicine is inserted into the balloon for a GliaSite? | Liquid I-125 (Iotrex) is inserted into the balloon and remains for 3-6 days. |
| What is the most common type of brain tumors? | brain mets |
| In men, ______ in the most common primary. | lung |
| In women, ________ is the most common primary. | breast |
| What percentage of brain mets occur in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem? | cerebrum - 80-85% cerebellum - 10-15% brain stem - 3-5% |
| What is most widely used method for treating brain mets? | whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) |
| Typical dose for brain mets. | 3000 cGy in 10 fx |
| The larger the field, the ____________ the dose. | smaller |
| 60% of spinal tumors are ___________________. | extradural which means they originate/involve the vertebrae |
| 30% of spinal tumors are _____________-________________. | intradural-extramedullary which means between the dura and the spinal cord |
| 10% of spinal tumors are ____________________. | intramedullary meaning in the cord |
| TD 5/5 TMJ | 6000 |
| TD 5/5 Brain | 4500 |
| TD 5/5 Brain stem | 5000 |
| TD 5/5 Optic nerve | 5000 |
| TD 5/5 Chiasma | 5000 |
| TD 5/5 Spinal cord | 4500 |
| TD 5/5 cauda equina | 6000 |
| TD 5/5 eye lens | 1000 |
| TD 5/5 eye retina | 4500 |
Created by:
lheard
Popular Radiation Therapy sets