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Respiratory Midterm
Question | Answer |
---|---|
what's the normal respiration for adult? | 16 to 20 |
eupnea | normal rate and rhythm |
dysphnea | difficulty and labored breathing |
tachypnea | increased respiration |
bradypnea | slow respiration |
orthopnea | shortness of breath |
cheyne-stokes | fast, deep and slow breathing then dyspnea followed by apnea |
apnea | absence of breathing |
kussmaul's | increased rate and depth with panting and long grunting exhalation |
biot's | fast, deep resp with abrupt pauses |
crackles or rales | sounds like hair rubbing on inspiration; sounds like rice krispies. Are intermittent, produced by air passing over retained airway secretions or sudden opening of collapsed airways. |
ronchi | cont. dry rattling sounds; also called gurgles. Wheezing in bronchi with more secretions, may clear with cough, heard with bronchitis, tumors |
stertor | snoring sounds caused by secretions in the larger airways |
stridor | crowing sounds on inspiration, as in croup or laryngitis; never clears with cough; from partial obstuction of larynx, trachea, seen with croup and large airway tumor |
wheezes | whisting sounds as in asthma and emphysema |
what is the main function of respiratory system? | exchange O2 and CO2 between the atmospheric air and the blood |
visceral pleural | membrane on the outer surface of each lung |
mediastinum | contains the heart and great vessels |
parietal pleural | the member lining the chest wall |
apex | upper, rounded part of lung |
base | lower portion part of lung |
upper respiratory tract | consists parts outside the chest cavity; the air passages of the nose, nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx and upper trachea. |
lower respiratory tract | consists parts found within the chest cavity; lower trachea, lungs, including the bronchial tubes and alveoli |
thoracic cavity | contains the lungs, which are separated from the other chest organs by the mediastinum |
pleura | a thin transparent double layered membrane lining the thoracic cavity which encases the lungs |
Respiratory AP FYI | the right lung is larger than the left and divided into three lobes. |
CILIA | airway is lined with epithelial tissue with mucous secreting goblet cells and hair like projections. It protects from foreign particles, upward motion); it propels mucus to pharynx for expectoration |
pharynx | connects nasal passgaes and mouth to the lower parts of the respiratory tract |
Larynx | passageway for air entering and leaving the trachea and contains the vocal cords |
adam's apple | upper most part of the larynx is the thyroid cartillage |
epiglottis | leaf like structure which covers the larynx during swallowing |
glottis | triangular space between vocal cords when relaxes |
which is wider and more vertically positioned than left bronchus? It allows foreign matter to enter the right more easily | right bronchus |
bronchioles | branch off from each bronchi. Terminal bronchioles branch further into: alveolar ducts which end in alveoli |
alveoli | sac-like structures resembling grapes |
respiratorry tissue | insipired air supplies cells with oxygen for carrying on metabolism |
respiratorry tissue | performs the gas exchange structure which includes alveoli and alveolar ducts |
surfactant | a phospholipid substance |
neuromuscular control of respiration | regulation of respiration is integrated by neurons in the pons and medulla of the brain |
inspiration | diaphragm contracts and flattens out; intercoastal muscles contract and elevate ribs |
expiration | diaphragm and intercoastal muscles relax and air moves out of the lungs |
diaphragm | is the primary muscle of respiration |
voluntary | components of respiration control breathing with acts of talking and speaking |
CT SCAN OF LUNG | detects tumors, lung abscesses, TB; CHECK FOR IODINE ALLERGY |
nursing implementation | always obtain an informed concent and remove motal objects |
2 to 8 hrs | hold intake after laryngoscopy. Provide emesis basin for spitting saliva. Sputum is inspected for blood. Excessive bleeding is reported. |
THORANCENTESIS | PLEUROCENTESIS. Surgical puncture of chest wall with a large BORE needle |
BRONCHOSCOPY | direct visualization of bronchi thru a fiber optic scope. |
what is the main symptom of bronchoscopy? | blood tinged sputum |
ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES (ABG's) | direct measurement of the ability of the lungs to exchange gases by measuring the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 and evaluates the potential of hydrogen of arterial blood |
ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES (ABG's) Nursing implimentation | performed by an advanced practitioner, arterial blood is drawn from either radial or femoral artery. Direct pressure is applied to the puncture site for 3 to 5 minutes and longer if pt is in an anticoagulant |
check pulse oximetry reading | if pt is cyanotic |
CYTOLOGY | looking for malignant cells |
what are the principal muscles of respiration | external and internal intercostals, diaphragm and abdominal muscles |
cough: non productive | no sputum produced! Cough may be described as harsh, dry, barking, hacking, croup-like |
cough: productive | pt expectorate sputum |
PURULENT cough | thick yellow, green = bacterial infection |
RUSTY cough | untreated bacterial pneumonia |
CLEAR TO WHITE cough | (thin) viral upper respiratory infection, COPD, asthma, CHF |
PINK TINGE cough | possible tumor |
3 areas to swab for throat culture | tonsils, pharynx, uvula |
if strep is untreated | rheumatic fever will develop |
pt teaching after pulmonary angiography | pt should lie down flat for 6 hours afterwards |