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Religion Midterm
world religions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| divination | a religious ritual with the goal of predicting the future |
| myth | a religious story often about the dealings of gods with humans |
| rite of passage | a ritual meant to occur at transitional points in life of an individual |
| ritual | set behaviors done for religious purposes |
| taboo | something to be avoided for religious purposes |
| Earth Mother | The spirit of the earth (Native American) |
| Ghost Dance | a Native American religious movement that happened in the late 1800s that combined ideas of Native religion and Christianity. This was led by Wovoka. |
| medicine man | Native American religious specialist who specialized in healing |
| Native American Church | Religious movement that combined Native American religions and Christianity, not the ghost dance |
| peyote | small, spineless cactus native to Mexico that can cause hallucinations when ingested |
| Sun Dance | a ritual celebrated in the summer by the people of the Great Plains where people attached themselves to a pole via piercings. it's done by the Lakota tribe. |
| vision quest | a quest young Native Americans go on to see the spirit world, where they gain an animal guardian |
| Wakan Tanka | the great and powerful force, also the supreme being to the Lakota |
| Wounded Knee | A place and event where a group of the Lakota attempted to protect themselves with the ghost dance, then got massacred by white Americans. 350 people died. |
| ajwaka | a spiritual healer of the Acholi people of Uganda, who heals by driving out the evil spirits believed to cause sickness |
| ancestor veneration | the practice of honoring deceased members of the family (African religions) |
| diviner | a fortune teller in African religions |
| High God | a major god that created the world then left it in the care of smaller gods in African religion |
| Kwoth Nhial | The supreme deity of the Nuer that actively participates in the affairs of humans, spirit of the sky (african religion) |
| lesser spirits | lesser gods that interact more with humans in africa |
| Nuer | people of Sudan and South Sudan |
| orishas | lesser spirits in the Yoruba religion, made by olurun/olorun |
| Ogun | God of Iron |
| priest/priestess | a religious specialist who maintains temples and altars to gods |
| Santeria | religion practiced in Cuba that incorporates many elements from African religions |
| Yoruba | West African ethnic group living in Nigeria, who strongly influenced the development of African religions in Americas |
| Agni | God of fire in Vedic literature, delivered sacrificial offerings to other gods |
| atman | the soul, which is constantly reborn |
| Brahman | the one true reality, the singular universe, everything to ever exist. an impersonal god in Hinduism |
| Brahmin | Highly regarded priests, on top of the Hindu caste system |
| dharma | duty in Hinduism |
| Indra | God of thunder and rain, ruler of heaven. most important deity in the Vedas |
| karma | the idea that every action has consequences which are felt in the present life or in the next rebirth |
| Kshatriya | the warrior and chieftain caste in Hinduism, second highest |
| maya | false knowledge, false perception of reality |
| moksha | escape from samsara |
| samsara | a belief from Hinduism in the continuing cycle of birth, life, death, and rebirth |
| Shudra | Bottom caste in Hinduism, slaves and manual workers |
| Vaishya | second bottom caste in Hinduism, commoners |
| varna | Sanskrit term for caste/social class |
| avatar | The incarnation of a deity in human form, usually used by Vishnu |
| bhakti | devotion to the gods |
| Bhagavad Gita | "The song of the blessed lord" a very popular Hindu epic about a warrior prince and his divine charioteer before a great battle |
| Brahma | one of three important gods in Hinduism, creator of the world |
| Divali | Hindu festival of lights to welcome the new year and welcomes Lakshmi into homes |
| Ganesha | elephant headed god that is the remover of obstacles |
| Kali | Shiva's wife, depicted with a necklace of skulls and is usually drinking blood |
| Lakshmi | wife of Vishnu, the goddess of prosperity and wealth |
| murti | an image or statue of a deity |
| puja | a ritual act of worship (hinduism) where lamps are lit, incense is burned, and a murti is there |
| puranas | sacred texts of Hinduism |
| Shiva | God of death and destruction, rebirth and reproduction, known as the destroyer of the world. one of three major gods in hinduism |
| Vishnu | Hindu god of love, traditionally identified as the sustainer of the world and is thought to have appeared as Krishna. One of trimurti |
| anatman | an essential teaching of Buddhism, the idea that there is not an enduring or eternal soul underlying personal existence |
| arhat | an individual that has attained nirvana |
| Asoka | a ruler of India that converted to Buddhism then promoted Buddhist teachings |
| Buddha | Siddhartha Gautama, or "the enlightened one" |
| dharma | the collective teachings of Buddha |
| Nirvana | The goal of Buddhism, defined as "blowing out" or extinguishing of cravings, desire. Escape from samsara |
| Pali sermons | the early collection of Buddha's teachings |
| sangha | the Buddhist monastic order, community of monks and nuns |
| stupa/pagoda | a dome-like tower which may contain a relic of the buddha or a similar object |
| Amitabha | Buddha that presides over the Pure Land |
| Avalokiteshvara | the bodhisattva of compassion mentioned in the Lotus Sutra, a Mahayanan text. |
| bodhisattva | being that sacrifices reaching enlightenment to help others reach enlightenment |
| Dalai Lama | spiritual and political leader of Tibet |
| koan | nonsensical riddles in zen buddhism |
| lama | leader of Tibetan Buddhist monastic communities |
| Lotus Sutra | sacred texts in Mahayana Buddhism |
| Pure Land Buddhism | version of Mahayana Buddhism in Japan |
| satori | state of enlightenment in zen buddhism |
| Vajrayana Buddhism | "The diamond Vehicle" Tibetan Buddhism, which is Mahayana Buddhism with a twist. includes the Dalai Lama and has greater emphasis on monasticism than Mahayana. Uses many mantras and prayer wheels. |
| Zen Buddhism | a version of Mahayana Buddhism that rejects logic |
| European Enlightenment | the era when religions were first being studied in academia in the 18th century. |
| Max Muller | the father of religious studies, who translated religious texts and advocated for a comparative approach in the study of religion |
| William James | "Religion, therefore, as I now ask you arbitrarily to take it, shall mean for us the feelings, acts, and experiences of individual men in their solitude, so far as they apprehend themselves to stand in relation to whatever they consider the divine" |
| Emile Durkheim | "a religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden-beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to them" |
| Paul Tillich | "The religious aspect points to that which is ultimate, infinite, unconditional in man's spiritual life. Religion, in the largest and most basic sense of the word, is ultimate concern" |
| Karl Marx | "Man makes religion, religion does not make man. Religion is, indeed, the self-consciousness + self-esteem of a man who has either not yet won through to himself or has already lost himself. it is the sigh of the oppressed creature, opium of the people. |
| Sigmund Freud | "illusions, fulfillments of the oldest strongest, and most urgent wishes of mankind" |
| Buffalo Maiden | a woman that gave the Lakota tribe a buffalo horn to be used to establish peace, heal the sick, and other daily uses. She turns into a white buffalo calf at the end of the story/myth talking about her |
| kachinas | Native American spirits that are assigned to any element in nature |
| kachina doll | dolls created by men of the Hopi people and given to girls to teach them about kachinas |
| kachina dance | a ritual within the Hopi people to allow kachinas to enter the bodies of masked dancers, a rite of renewal |
| dead | among the Navajo tribe and others, there is a great taboo in handling or mentioning the ________ |
| Sioux | the sun dance, done by the Lakota/________, is a means of self sacrifice in order to obtain the spiritual power necessary for survival. |
| sand painting | made by Navajo people, meant to depict scenes from Navajo mythology and used in various circumstances. |
| boarding schools | many Native American children were taken to _________ _______, where they were not allowed to speak in their native tongue or practice their religion |
| Nuer | Kwoth Nhial is a god that still interacts with the humans, an exception in African religions. The _____ believe in him. |
| sacrifice, divination | The two primary methods of communicating with the divine in African religions were s_________ and d_________. (pls put full word) |
| food, drink | The Yoruba would offer ____ and _____ to osun |
| palm nuts | Yoruba Ifa, the diviner, would cast 16 ______ ____ to decipher a message from the divine. different patterns meant different things |
| spiritual curer | person that finds cause of disease and provides a cure, the Acholi ajwaka in Uganda |
| Yoruba Epa | The ________ _____ ritual involves honoring deceased African ancestors who played important roles in the community. Masked dancers represent them and their roles like hunters and priests. They also offer sacrifices and prayers |
| Dogon Dama | A rite of passage for African boys who are entering adulthood or those who have died. It's important that it's done because without the ritual one is still considered a child. |
| Indus Valley | The _______ ________ civilization was an old location that may have practiced an old form of Hinduism. They had several religious structures such as pools, and used seals that implied religious beliefs. |
| Aryans | There was a group of people called ________ that migrated to South Asia and had a caste system like Hinduism |
| Vedas | The ______ often gave offerings on altars meant to be set on fire and would sacrifice various food and drink, as well as horses. They would often sing hymns while offering a sacrifice |
| Sanskrit | The Vedas would often write hindu sacred texts in the language ____________. |
| Rudra | God of death and destruction in Vedic literature |
| upanishads | Group of people that focused greatly on the philosophical angle of the concepts of atman, karma, samsara, moksha, and Brahman |
| Law of Manu | Law containing ethical and social laws in Hinduism, talks about dharma, karma, and the four stages of life |
| Ashrama | The Four Stages for the top three castes: student, Householder, Forest Dwelling Hermit, Renounciation |
| knowledge, action, devotion | The Three Paths to Liberation |
| trimurti | the three major deities of the Puranas |
| Vaishavism | a sect of Hinduism that worships Vishnu and his avatars as the supreme deity, followers are marked by vertical lines in the shape of a V on the forehead, sometimes with a red line or dot |
| Shaivism | a sect of Hinduism that worships Shiva as the supreme deity. |
| aarti | moving candles and lamps into a circle as a part of worship |
| Dasehra/Durga Puja | a 9 day festival that takes place in southern India and Bengal that honors Durga |
| Divali/Diwali, Lakshmi Puja | "festival of lights", a five day festival that honors Lakshmi, the goddess of prosperity and good fortune |
| Holi | a festival that marks the beginning of spring where people of all castes come together to celebrate |
| Varanasi | There's a location called the Ganges River in __________ where Hindus visit temples, cremate the dead then spread the ashes into the river. |
| 560, 480 | Siddartha Guatama lived from about ___ - ___ BCE |
| old man, sick man, dead man, ascetic monk | the four sights that the buddha saw after leaving his palace |
| The Great Renunciation | The moment Siddhartha ran away at age 29, where he joined 5 ascetics and practiced extreme asceticism for 6 years |
| Middle Way | the way between extreme pleasure and suffering |
| Enlightenment | a moment that Siddhartha had underneath a tree that he was resolved to reach |
| First sermon | Siddhartha had his _____ _______ at a deer park |
| 45 | Siddhartha died of food poisoning after giving his final sermon, having teached for __ years. |
| Impermanence | one of three marks of existence, where nothing in the self is permanent |
| Suffering | second of three marks of existence, comes from cravings and other wants |
| anatman | third of three marks of existence, the concept that only karma lives on and not the self |
| Four Noble Truths | To live is to experience suffering, suffering comes from desire and attachment, the way to eliminate suffering is to eliminate desire, to eliminate desire one must follow the eightfold path |
| Buddha, dharma, sangha | the three refuges (not the full creed) |
| lotus | Common features on depictions of Buddha include a bun on top of his head, stretched earlobes, a tuft of hair between his eyebrows, and the ________ position |
| Theravada Buddhism | The original type of Buddhism that used the Pali Sermons as scripture, existed in Sri Lanka and SE Asia, believed gods were not helpful in reaching Nirvana, and avoided 5 precepts. |
| monastic | Theravada Buddhism puts great emphasis on __________ life, where you beg for food and renounce your possessions |
| Mahayana Buddhism | a type of Buddhism that means "the greater vehicle" and is the largest branch of buddhism that exists mostly in China and Japan. They believe that Buddha is a supreme being and believe that leypeople can achieve Nirvana |
| Celestial, earthly, bodhisattvas | In Mahayana Buddhism, people believe in many types of Buddhas that people can seek help from such as: |
| Quan Yin | The Chinese Bodhisattva of compassion, as opposed to Avalokiteshvara |
| Prayer wheel | a cylinder that holds a long scroll with mantras on it, useful for saying the same mantra over and over again efficiently |
| stupas, temples, site of Buddha's enlightenment, site of Buddha's first sermon | Pilgrimage destinations include: |
| Samsara, believing in gods, karma | Things in common between Buddhism and Hinduism |
| anatman, no caste system in Buddhism, no sacrifices to gods in Buddhism, Vedas texts are rejected in Buddhism | Differences between Buddhism and Hinduism |
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