Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Macromolecules
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| An atom that carries an electrical charge. | ion |
| An atom that gains electrons is | negatively charged. |
| An atom that loses electrons is | positively charged. |
| In this, the number of protons never change but the number of neutrons do. | isotope |
| Atoms are made up of 3 types of particles called | electrons, protons, neutrons. |
| What is the size and charge of electrons? | light and small, negatively charged |
| What is the size and charge of protons? | large and heavy, positively charged |
| What is the size and charge of neutrons? | large and heavy, no charge |
| What keeps electrons and protons from crashing into each other when they are spinning around a nucleus? | centrifugal force |
| In actuality, the electron is not a small particle that spins around the nucleus. It is | a wave that surrounds the nucleus like a cloud. |
| Valence shell | number of electrons in the outermost shell. |
| Structural formula | lines are substituted for each pair of shared electrons. H-H |
| Molecular formula | the number and types of atoms present in a single molecule. H2 |
| True or False. Molecules with similar shapes behave in similar ways. | True |
| This element has the ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules. | carbon |
| Carbon atoms bond to each other and other atoms of elements such as | hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus. |
| What did the science of organic chemistry begin to attempt? | to purify and improve the yield of products obtained from other organisms. |
| Jons Jacob Berzelius | the first to make a distinction between organic compounds that seemed to arise only in living organisms and inorganic compounds that arise in nonliving organisms. |
| Vitalism | the belief that physical and chemical laws did not apply to living things. |
| Friedrich Wohler (1800s) | synthesized urea from inorganic materials |
| Stanley Miller(1953) | demonstrated the spontaneous synthesis of organic compounds. |
| Mechanism | the same physical and chemical laws govern all natural phenomena including the processes of life. |
| Organic Chemistry | the study of carbon compounds regardless of their origin. |
| What shape are each carbon bonded to four other atoms make? | tetrahedral |
| What shape do two carbon atoms make when joined by a double bond? | flat, 3-dimensional structure |
| Carbon dioxide CO2 | source of carbon for all organic molecules found in organisms. It is usually fixed into organic molecules by the process of photosynthesis. |
| Hydrocarbons | organic molecules that consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. |
| What is the major component of hydrocarbon? | petroleum, a fossil fuel that consists of partially decomposed remains of organisms that lived millions of years ago. |
| Isomers | same molecular formula but different structures thus have different chemical properties. |
| Structural isomers | molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangement of atoms. |
| Geometric isomers | compounds with the same covalent partnerships but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms around the carbon-carbon double bond. |
| Enantiomers | molecules that are mirror images of each other. |
| When are enantiomers possible? | when four different atoms or groups of atoms are bonded to a carbon. |
| Functional groups | the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involvd in chemical reactions. |
| What are the six functional groups that are most important to the chemistry of life? | hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, and phosphate groups. |
| Are the 6 functional groups hydrophilic or hydrophobic? | hydrophilic, increase solubility of organic compounds in water. |
| Aldehyde | if the carbonyl group is on the end of the skeleton. |
| Ketone | if the carbonyl group is within the carbon skeleton. |
| OH | hydroxyl, usually ends with -ol. |
| >Co | carbonyl group |
| -COOH | carboxyl group |
| Carboxylic acids | compounds with carboxyl groups |
| Why do carboxyl groups act as acids? | because the combined electronegativities of the two adjacent oxygen atoms increase the dissociation of the hydrogen as an ion. |
| -NH2 | amino group |
| Amines | organic compounds with amino groups. |
| -SH | sulfhydryl group |
| Thiols | organic molecules with sulfhydryl |
| -OPO3 2- | phosphate group |
| One function of phosphate groups. | transfer energy between organic molecules. |
| Carbohydrate | the main source of energy in the body. An organic molecule where carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen bond together in a ratio: Cx(H2O)y |
| How do animals break down carbohydrates? | by the process called metabolism. |
| What process do plants do to make carbohydrates? | photosynthesis |
| Complex carbohydrates are what of simple sugars? | polymers |
| What are some examples of lipids? | fats, waxes, fat-soluble vitamins |
| What is the main structural component of biological membranes? | glycerophospholipid |
| Lipids | organic molecules that are insoluble in water. |
| These are built from 20 common building blocks of amino acids. | proteins |
| Name some functional proteins. | enzymes, blood proteins, hemoglobin, antibodies |
| What is the primary structure of a protein? | a polypeptide chain |
| What is the secondary structure of a protein? | coils or pleats |
| What does the final shape of a protein determine? | function |
| Nucleotides | molecules that when joined together, make up structural units of RNA and DNA. |
| Nucleotides play a role in what? | cellular metabolism |
| They described the structure of DNA. | Watson and Crick |
| Each strand in the DNA are how many nm apart? | 2.0 |
| Each strand in the DNA consists of what? | nucleotide subunits of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base. |
| Where does hydrogen bonding occur in the DNA strand? | between the nitrogenous bases of the two strands. |
| The two sugar phosphate chains run in opposite directions an the two strands are said to be what with one another. | antiparallel |
| What are the four functions of DNA as the genetic material? | 1. DNA must carry large quantities of information. 2. It must be able to communicate with the cell and serve as the blueprint for cell products. 3. It must be able to replicate itself. 4. Mutation must be possible. |
| Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl | Devised experiments that would test the way that DNA replicates itself. |
| Semiconservative replication | Parts of both parental strands separate and act as templates for the synthesis of the new strands. |
| Besides semiconservative replication, what were the other two models thought to result in DNA replication? | Conservative and dispersive replication. |
| DNA polymerization | The synthesis of the new strand. |
| Polymerization is what type of process? | Endergonic |
| DNA replication is read in what direction? The complementary strand is built in what direction? | 3' - 5', 5' - 3' |
| What is the function of replication bubbles? | Speeds up replication. |
| Each replication bubble has this. | Replication forks |
| What enzyme is used to unwound DNA? | DNA helicase |
| What prevents the strands from coming together after unwinding? | Helix-destabilizing proteins |
| What enzyme catalyze the synthesis of the new complementary strands? | DNA polymerase |
| What is required to initiate synthesis of the new strand? | RNA primase |
| Leading strand | The strand that is growing towards the replication fork and grows continuously. |
| Reiji Okazaki | Attributed with discovering the phenomenon of the lagging strand. |
| What joins fragments together in the lagging strand? | Ligase |
| What is DNA polymerase responsible for? | Genetic proofreading |
| How can a cell afford to lose genetic material that codes for proteins critical to cell function? | The ends of DNA consist of long strands of repeating nucleotides called telomeres that don't code for cell products. The typical repeated unit in human DNA is TTAGGG. |
| What is an example of a cell that can replicate many times? | Germ cells |
| The major tenets of the cell theory are: | 1. The cell is the smallest structural unit of living organisms. 2. Cells arise from preexisting cells. |
| Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1600s) | Used lenses to view "wee beasties" creatures that could be seen with the naked eye. |
| Robert Hooke (1600s) | Designed the simple microscope and observed cells. |
| Oken (1805) | All organic beings originate from and consist of vesicles of cells. |
| Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann (1838 and 1839) | Unified the cell theory, extending it to include the plane and animal kingdoms. |
| Rudolph Virchow (1858) | Proposed that cells come from preexisting cells, thus challenging the ongoing theory of spontaneous generation. |
| Louis Pasteur | Performed a series of experiments that disproved spontaneous generation. |
Created by:
pacetej
Popular Biology sets