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Chapt. 1-3
Microbiology Test Review 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bacteria | single celled prokaryotes, rod shaped, sperical, spiral, rigid cell walls, multiply by binary fission, move w/ flagella |
| Cell wall of bacteria | determines shape, peptidoglycan |
| Life Characteristics | respiration, feeding, excretion, response to stimuli, reproduction, growth, movement |
| Levels of Organization | organism, system, organ, cell, organelle, macromolecule, molecular, atom |
| Examples of eucarya | algae, fungi, protoza |
| 5 Kingdoms | Monera, protista, fungi, plantae, anamalia |
| Bacteria nomenclature | genus and then species |
| Applications of Microbiology | FOOD (cheese, bread, wine), DEGRADE waste & toxins, SYNTHESES ethanol, antibiotocs, amino acids |
| Rules of the Atom | #1 positive charges are balanced w/ negative charges, #2 the number of electrons in outer shell is 8 for higher order, and 2 for lower order like hydrogen |
| Atomic Number | the number of protons |
| Atomic weight | Protons + neutrons |
| When are atoms neutral? | Atoms are electrically neutral if they have an equal number of protons and electrons |
| Ions | Atoms which have either a deficit or a surplus of electrons are called ions |
| How do atoms form molecules? | Electrons that are furthest from the nucleus may be transferred to other nearby atoms or shared between atoms. By this mechanism atoms are able to bond into molecules and other types of chemical compounds |
| Molecule | an aggregate of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held together by special forces |
| Chemical bond | n a molecule, the atoms are joined by shared pairs of electrons in a chemical bond. It may consist of atoms of the same chemical element, as with oxygen (O2), or of different elements, as with water (H2O) |
| Isotope | sotopes are forms of an element, therefore their nuclei have the same atomic number — the number of protons in the nucleus — but different mass numbers because they contain different numbers of neutrons |
| Compound | 2 or more elements |
| Nucleic acid | macromolecule consisting of chain of nucleotide subunits from DNA or RNA |
| 2 types of nucleic acids | DNA & RNA |
| The signifigance of bonds | for stability, outer orbit of atom must be filled. Electrons of different orbits have specific energy levels. BONDS form to fill out these layers with electrons (usually to 8) |
| Covalent Bonds | strong bonds formed by SHARING electrons |
| Non-polar covalent bond | when atoms have EQUAL attraction for electrons |
| Polar covalent bonds | when one atom has a GREATER attraction for electrons |
| Ionic Bonds | When electrons leave the orbit of one atom and enter the orbitals of another atom |
| 4 types of macromolecules | protiens, polysacharides, nucleic acid, lipids |
| importance of water | universal solvent, good buffer, holds at high temperatures |
| How does a covalent bond break? | heat, chemicals, enzymes |
| Glycolysis | when glucose is degraded w/o oxygen and this drives the fromation of ATP |
| Primary structure | SEQUENCE of amino acids |
| Secondary structure | BONDING between amino acids |
| Tertiary structures | 3-D SHAPE, either globular or fibrous |
| Quaternary structure | INTERACTION of several polypeptide chains |
| Nucleoid | DNA in the bacterial cell is generally confined to this central region. Though it isn't bounded by a membrane, it is visibly distinct (by transmission microscopy) from the rest of the cell interior. |
| ribosomes & structure | Ribosomes give the cytoplasm of bacteria a granular appearance in electron micrographs. |
| Ribosomes & function | translating the genetic message in messenger RNA into the production of peptide sequences (proteins). |
| pili | These are hollow, hairlike structures made of protein allow bacteria to attach to other cells. A specialized pilus, the sex pilus, allows the transfer from one bacterial cell to another. |
| Course focus knob | is the outer larger portion of the focus knob allows for dramatic or gross movement of the objective lens. |
| Fine focus knob | the inner small portion of the focus knob allows for very slight movement of the objective lens. |
| What are the commonalities of eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells? | a cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA. |
| spirillium | spirial |
| coccus | round |
| Benefit of electron microscope | has the capability of magnifying a specimen many thousands of times thus allowing observation of organelles that cannot be seen with light microscopy. An electron micrograph may be use to determine the true size of a cell or organelle. |
| Flagellum shape & function | Both the basal body and the filament have a hollow core, through which the component proteins of the flagellum are able to move into their respective positions. |
| Gram Negative results | Because the cell wall of Gram(-) bacteria is high in lipid content and low in peptidoglycan content, the primary crystal-violet escapes from the cell when the decolorizer is added. This is because primary stains like to bind with peptidoglycan- something |
| Why use Acid Staining technique? | because some bacteria, notably all Mycobacteria, have waxy coats on their cell walls that prevent them taking in the dye from the Gram Staining procedure. As a part of the acid-fast staining process, detergents are applied which remove this waxy coat. |
| Glycocalyx | sugar coat made of polysaccharides on outside of cell wall |
| Function of Glycocalyx | sticks to food sources, jelly-like covering that protects cell wall against toxins |
| What is responsible for plaque? | Glycocalyx |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | modifies proteins, makes macromolecules, and transfers substances throughout the cell |
| Do prokaryotic cells ave an ER? Why / why not? | Prokaryotic organisms do not have membranous organelles and thus do not have an ER. |
| Sturcture of the ER | The basic structure and composition of the ER is similar to the plasma membrane, although it is actually an extension of the nuclear membrane. |
| Rough ER | manufactures and transports proteins destined for membranes and secretion. It is called "rough" because ribosomes present on the cytosolic side of the membrane give it a rough appearance. |
| Smooth ER functions | synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, and detoxification of drugs and poisons. |
| Golgi apparatus | modify, package, secrete materials: Thus, it functions as a central delivery system for the cell. |
| Animal cell | No chloroplast, no cell wall, has centrioles |
| Protista | Single celled organism with no level of organization |
| Cell membrane structure | It is comprised of, among other components, phospholipid and protein molecules which separate the cell interior from it's surroundings within animal cells, and control the input and output of cell through the use of receptor and cell adhesion proteins, wh |
| Role of protiens in cell membrane | cell adhesion |
| Benefit of small prokaryotic cell size | high surface area, realative to volume, makes it easier to take in nutrients & excrete waste / reproduction BUT vunerable to threat |
| Ribosomes | structure involved with protien synthesis |
| Atomic force microscopes | used to view individual atoms |
| Why is our microscope called a compound microscope? | because of its objective lens & ocular lens |
| How does a compound microscope magnify? | the 2 lenses combine to enlarge an object by a factor = to the product of each lens' magnification |
| The difference between transmission and scanning | transmission= fine details like number of layers / scanning= observing surface details |
| Streptococci: | chains of cocci. |
| Staphylococci: | clusters of geometrically arranged cocci. |
| Tetrads: | packets of 4 cells |
| Diplococci: | pair of cocci |
| Cell membrane | # a selectively permeable barrier: substances that pass through the membrane are limited by pore sizes and the hydrophobic nature of the membrane |
| Hydrogen bonds | act as weak bridges or stabilizing attractive forces between or within molecules. Hydrogen bonds are very important in living systems, allowing flexibility while maintaining conformation. |
| where can hydrogen bonds be found? | xist when a hydrogen covalently bonded to an oxygen or nitrogen atom is attracted to another hydrogen or nitrogen within a polar molecule. |
| Phospholipids | essential components of cell membranes and are amphipathic containing both nonpolar and polar regions. They consist of glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group. |
| Robert Hooke | described fungi but his microscope was unable to resolve bacteria. |
| Robert Koch | provided a critical link between microbes and disease when he used a series of postulates to uncover the cause of anthrax. Koch's postulates are still in use today in order to prove the cause of an infectious disease. |
| Facillitated Diffusion | exploits concentration gradient to move molecules: RARELY used by prokaryotes |
| Active transport | moves against concentration gradient |
| Penicillin | works gram positive because drug is permitted to penetrate cell |
| Lysozyme | found naturally, removes peptidoglycan |
| purpose os primary stain | to stain all cells |
| resolution | minimum distance at which two small objects can be distinguished |
| bacteria cells lack | mitochondria,chloroplasts,cytoskeleton |
| The type of bacteria which peptidoglycan is absent in cell walls | archaebacteria |
| Construct of Viruses | pieces of nucleic acid w/ protien coat |
| Feature of gram negative wall and resistance to antibiotics | The distinctive feature of gram-negative bacteria is the presence of a double membrane surrounding each bacterial cell. Although all bacteria have an inner cell membrane, gram-negative bacteria have a unique outer membrane. This outer membrane excludes ce |
| Capsule | made of polysaccharides that cling to the surface of the cell and Protect It against drying or harsh chemicals and a host body's white blood cells, which would otherwise engulf (eat) it. |
| Pili | help bacteria hold on to host cells, and are also used to transfer genetic material from one bacterium to another. |
Created by:
sloanie32
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