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Exam #2
CHAPTER 11, 7-SEC.1 &6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| gravitational equilibrium | energy supplied by fusion maintains the pressure that balances the inward crush of gravity |
| energy balance | the rate at which energy radiated from the surface of the sun must be the same as the rate at which it is released by fusion in the core |
| gravitational contraction: | the process in which gravity causes an object to contract, thereby converting gravitational potential energy into thermal energy provided the energy that heated the core as the sun was forming, contraction stopped when fusion began |
| Sun radius + compared to earths | 6.9 x 108 m (109 times the earth) |
| Sun mass + compared to earths | 2 x 1030 kg (300,000 time Earth’s) |
| Sun luminosity | 3.8 x 1026 watts |
| solar wind | a flow of charged particles from the surface of the sun corona: outermost layer of solar atmosphere (1 mill k) |
| chromosphere | middle layer of solar atmosphere |
| photosphere | visible surface of Sun |
| convection zone | energy transported upward by rising hot gas |
| radiation zone | energy transported upwards by photons |
| core | energy is generated by nuclear fusion |
| fission | big nucleus splits into smaller pieces |
| fusion | small nuclei stick together, making a bigger one (SUN and Stars) |
| solar thermostat | the regulation of the Sun’s core temperature that comes when the sun is in both energy balance, and gravitational equilibrium |
| core temp with fusion rate dropping and rising | decline in core temperature causes fusion rate to drop, so core contracts and heats up o rise in core temperature causes fusion rate to rise, so core expands and cool down |
| solar neutrino problem | the disagreement between the predicted and observed neutrinos coming from the sun o early searches failed to find the predicted number o more recent observations find the right number neutrinos but some have changed form |
| sunspots | blotches on the sun that appear darker than surrounding regions o are cooler than other parts of the Sun’s surface (4000 K) o are regions with strong magnetic fields |
| solar flares | huge and sudden release of energy on the solar surface, probably caused when energy stored in magnetic fields is suddenly released. o caused by magnetic activity o send bursts of X rays and charged particles into space |
| coronal mass ejections | bursts of energetic charged particles from the sun’s corona out through the solar system |
| A planet’s distance from the Sun determines | the total amount of incoming sunlight |
| Rotation and temperature | Rotation rate affects the temperature differences between day and night |
| Reflectivity (albedo) | fraction of incoming sunlight it reflects. Low albedo planets absorb more sunlight, leading to hotter temperatures |
| Venus and earth w/o greenhouse effect | Venus would be 510 degrees Celsius colder without the greenhouse effect ○ Earth would be 31 degrees Celsius colder |
| If Earth were more reflective | the temperature would go down |
| If Earth did not have an atmosphere, | the temperature would go down more than 10 degrees Celsius |
| Ionization | removal of an electron |
| Dissociation | destruction of a molecule |
| Scattering | change in photon’s directio |
| Absorption | photon’s energy is absorbed |
| blue light or red light scatter more | Molecules tend to scatter blue light more than red |
| Molecules can absorb | infrared light |
| Troposphere | lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere ○ Temperature drops with altitude ○ Warmed by infrared light from surface and convection |
Created by:
katelyn27
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