Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

Normal Size Small Size show me how

306 EXAM 1

1/24 Chps 1-8

Term	Definition
Noncompliance	An informed decision on the part of the patient not to adhere to or follow a therapeutic plan or suggestion.
Nursing process	An organizational framework for the practice of nursing. It encompasses all steps taken by the nurse in caring for a patient
Outcomes	Descriptions of specific patient behaviors or responses that demonstrate meeting of or achievement of behaviors related to each patient’s human needs. These statements are specific while framed in behavioral terms and are measurable.
Prescriber	Any health care professional licensed by the appropriate regulatory board to prescribe medications
Steps of The Nursing Process	assessment, identification of human needs, planning (with goals and outcome criteria), implementation of the plan (with patient teaching), and evaluation
Compliance	Implementation of a prescriber’s course of treatment or therapeutic plan by a patient. Use of compliance versus the term adherence acknowledges the consideration/acceptance of patient/family/caregiver participation in the use of the nursing process.
Medication error	Any preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or health care professional; it may or may not cause the patient harm.
Additive effects	Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. For example, 1 + 1 = 2 (compare with synergistic effects).
Adverse drug event	Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication.
Adverse drug reaction	Any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to overdose).
Adverse effects	A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs.
Agonist	A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body.
Allergic reaction	An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication; a type of adverse drug event.
Antagonist	A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body. Antagonists are also called inhibitors.
Antagonistic effects	Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone (1 + 1 equals less than 2); usually caused by an antagonizing (blocking or reducing) effect
Bioavailability	A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%).
Biotransformation	One or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug; occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active. Also known as metabolism.
Blood	brain barrier
Chemical name	The name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug.
Contraindication	Any condition, especially one related to a disease state or patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, which renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable.
Cytochrome P	450
Dependence	A state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need, as for a drug.
Dissolution	The process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation.
Drug	Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism.
Drug actions	The processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells (e.g., the action of a drug on a receptor protein); also called mechanism of action.
Drug classification	A method of grouping drugs; may be based on structure or therapeutic use.
Drug effects	The physiologic reactions of the body to a drug. They can be therapeutic or toxic and describe how the body is affected as a whole by the drug.
Drug	induced teratogenesis
Drug interaction	Alteration in the pharmacologic or pharmacokinetic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; it is usually related to effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs.
Duration of action	The length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response.
Enzymes	Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body’s physiologic processes, as well as those related to drug metabolism.
First	pass effect
Generic name	The name given to a drug by the United States Adopted Names Council. Also called the nonproprietary name. The generic name is much shorter and simpler than the chemical name and is not protected by trademark.
Glucose	6
Half	life
Idiosyncratic reaction	An abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient.
Incompatibility	The characteristic that causes two parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs.
Intraarterial	Within an artery (e.g., intraarterial injection).
Intraarticular	Within a joint (e.g., intraarticular injection).
Intrathecal	Within a sheath (e.g., the theca of the spinal cord, as in an intrathecal injection into the subarachnoid space).
Medication error	Any preventable adverse drug event (see above) involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or health care professional; it may or may not cause patient harm.
Medication use process	The prescribing, dispensing, and administering of medications, and the monitoring of their effects.
Metabolite	A chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical reactions involving the parent drug. Active metabolites are those that have pharmacologic activity of their own, even if the parent drug is inactive.
Onset of action	The time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing.
P	glycoprotein
Parent drug	The chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body into its active or inactive metabolites. A prodrug is then metabolized to pharmacologically active metabolites.
Peak effect	The time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body.
Peak level	The maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Pharmaceutics	The science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage form design.
Pharmacodynamics	The study of the biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity. It examines the effect of the drug on the body.
Pharmacoeconomics	The study of economic factors affecting the cost of drug therapy.
Pharmacogenomics	The study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug
Pharmacognosy	The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources.
Pharmacokinetics	The study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body. Pharmacokinetics represent the drug absorption into, distribution and metabolism within, and excretion from the body.
Pharmacology	The broadest term for the study or science of drugs.
Pharmacotherapeutics	The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs.
Prodrug	An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body.
Prototypical drug	The first form of a drug, or first in a class of drugs. Throughout this book, prototypical drugs will be denoted as a “key drug.”
Receptor	A molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. Receptors bind specific substances (e.g., drug molecules), and one or more corresponding cellular effects (drug actions) occur as a result of this drug
Steady state	The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose.
Substrates	Substances (e.g., drugs or natural biochemicals in the body) on which an enzyme acts.
Synergistic effects	Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. For example, 1 + 1 is greater than 2 (compare with additive effects).
Therapeutic drug monitoring	The process of measuring drug levels to identify a patient’s drug exposure and to allow adjustment of dosages with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity.
Therapeutic effect	The desired or intended effect of a particular medication.
Therapeutic index	The ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug.
Tolerance	Reduced response to a drug after prolonged use.
Toxic	quality of being poisonous (i.e., injurious to health or dangerous to life).
Toxicity	The condition of producing adverse bodily effects because of poisonous qualities.
Toxicology	The study of poisons, including toxic drug effects, and applicable treatments.
Trade name	The commercial name given to a drug product by its manufacturer; also called the proprietary name.
Trough level	The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Active transport	The active (energy
Diffusion	The passive movement of a substance (e.g., a drug) between different tissues from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. (Compare with active transport.)
Neonate	Pertaining to a person younger than 1 month of age; newborn infant.
Older adult	Pertaining to a person who is 65 years of age or older. (Note: Some sources consider “older adults” to be 55 years of age or older.)
Pediatric	Pertaining to a person who is 12 years of age or younger.
Polypharmacy	The use of many different drugs concurrently in treating a patient, who often has several health problems.
Bias	Any systematic error in a measurement process.
Black box warning	A type of warning that appears in a drug’s prescribing information and is required by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to alert prescribers of serious adverse events that have occurred with the given drug.
Blinded investigational drug study	A research design in which the subjects are purposely unaware of whether the substance they are administered is the drug under study or a placebo.
Controlled substances	Any drugs listed on one of the “schedules” of the Controlled Substance Act (also called scheduled drugs).
Culture	The customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group.
Double	blind investigational drug study
Drug polymorphism	Variation in response to a drug because of a patient’s age, sex, size, and/or body composition.
Ethics	the rules of conduct recognized in respect to a particular class or group of human actions.
Ethnicity	Relating to or characteristic of a human group having racial, religious, language, and other traits in common.
Ethnopharmacology	The study of the effect of ethnicity on drug responses, specifically drug absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion, as well as the study of genetic variations to drugs (i.e., pharmacogenetics).
Expedited drug approval	Acceleration of the usual investigational new drug approval process by the FDA, usually for drugs used to treat life
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)	An act that protects health insurance coverage for workers and their families when they change jobs. It also protects patient information. If confidentiality of a patient is breached, severe fines may be imposed.
Informed consent	Written permission obtained from a patient consenting to a specific procedure.
Investigational new drug (IND)	A drug not yet approved for marketing by the FDA but available for use in experiments to determine its safety and efficacy.
Investigational new drug application	An application that must be submitted to the FDA before a drug can be studied in humans.
Legend drugs	Another name for prescription drugs.
Malpractice	A special type of negligence or the failure of a professional and/or individual with specialized education and training to act in a reasonable and prudent way.
Narcotic	A legal term established under the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914. The term is used in clinical settings to refer to any medically administered controlled substance and in legal settings to refer to any illicit or “street” drug; also referred to as opioid.
Negligence	The failure to act in a reasonable and prudent manner or failure of the nurse to give the care that a reasonably prudent (cautious) nurse would render or use under similar circumstances.
Orphan drugs	A special category of drugs that have been identified to help treat patients with rare diseases.
Pharmacogenomics	The study of genetics in drug response.
Placebo	An inactive (inert) substance (e.g., saline, distilled water, starch, sugar) that is not a drug but is formulated to resemble a drug for research purposes.
Race	Descendants of a common ancestor; a tribe, family, or people thought to belong to the same lineage.
Adverse drug event	Any undesirable occurrence related to administration of or failure to administer a prescribed medication.
Adverse drug reactions	Unexpected, unintended, or excessive responses to medications given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to overdose); one type of adverse drug event.
Allergic reaction	An immunologic reaction resulting from an unusual sensitivity of a patient to a certain medication; a type of adverse drug event and a subtype of adverse drug reactions.
Idiosyncratic reaction	Any abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient.
Medical errors	A broad term used to refer to any errors at any point in patient care that cause or have the potential to cause patient harm.
Medication errors	Any preventable adverse drug events involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or health care professional; they may or may not cause the patient harm.
Medication reconciliation	A procedure to maintain an accurate and up
Affective domain	The most intangible domain of the learning process. It involves affective behavior, which is conduct that expresses feelings, needs, beliefs, values, and opinions; the feeling domain.
Cognitive domain	The domain involved in the learning and storage of basic knowledge. It is the thinking portion of the learning process and incorporates an individual’s previous experiences and perceptions; the learning/thinking domain.
Health literacy	The degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain and then process and understand basic health information as well as basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions.
Learning	The acquisition of knowledge or skill.
Psychomotor domain	The domain involved in the learning of a new procedure or skill; often called the doing domain.
Teaching	A system of directed and deliberate actions intended to induce learning.
Alternative medicine	Herbal medicine, chiropractic, acupuncture, massage, reflexology, and any other therapies traditionally not emphasized in Western medical schools.
Complementary medicine	Alternative medicine when used simultaneously with, rather than instead of, standard Western medicine.
Conventional medicine	The practice of medicine as taught in Western medical schools.
Dietary supplement	A product that contains an ingredient intended to supplement the diet, including vitamins, minerals, herbs, or other botanicals.
Herbal medicine	The practice of using herbs to heal.
Herbs	Plant components including bark, roots, leaves, seeds, flowers, fruit of trees, and extracts of these plants that are valued for their savory, aromatic, or medicinal qualities.
Iatrogenic effects	Unintentional adverse effects that are caused by the actions of a prescriber or other health care professional, or by a specific treatment.
Integrative medicine	Simultaneous use of both traditional and alternative medicine.
Legend drugs	Medications that are not legally available without a prescription from a prescriber; also called prescription drugs.
Over-the-Counter drugs (OTC)	Medications that are legally available without a prescription
Phytochemicals	The pharmacologically active ingredients in herbal remedies.
Acquired disease	Any disease triggered by external factors and not directly caused by a person’s genes (e.g., an infectious disease, noncongenital cardiovascular diseases).
Alleles	The two or more alternative forms of a gene.
Chromosomes	Structures in the nuclei of cells that contain threads of DNA, which transmit genetic information, and are associated with RNA molecules and synthesis of protein molecules.
Gene	The biologic unit of heredity; a segment of a DNA molecule that contains all of the molecular information required for the synthesis of a biologic product such as an RNA molecule or an amino acid chain (protein molecule).
Gene therapy	New therapeutic technologies that directly target human genes in the treatment or prevention of illness.
Genetic disease	Any disorder caused directly by a genetic mechanism.
Genetic material	DNA or RNA molecules or portions thereof.
Genetic polymorphisms (PMs)	Variants that occur in the chromosomes of 1% or more of the general population.
Genetic predisposition	The presence of certain factors in a person’s genetic makeup, or genome that increases the individual’s likelihood of developing one or more diseases.
Genetics	The study of the structure, function, and inheritance of genes.
Genome	The complete set of genetic material of any organism.
Genomics	The study of the structure and function of the genome and the way genes and their products work in both health and disease.
Genotype	The particular alleles present at a given site on the chromosomes that determine a specific genetic trait for that organism (compare phenotype).
Heredity	The characteristics and qualities that are genetically passed from one generation to the next through reproduction.
Human Genome Project (HGP)	A scientific project of the US Department of Energy and National Institutes of Health (NIH) to describe in detail the entire genome of a human being.
Inherited disease	Genetic disease that results from defective alleles passed from parents to offspring.
Nucleic acids	Molecules of DNA and RNA in the nucleus of every cell. DNA makes up the chromosomes and encodes the genes.
Personalized medicine	The use of molecular and genetic characterizations of both the disease process and the patient for the customization of drug therapy.
Pharmacogenetics	A general term for the study of the genetic basis for variations in the body’s response to drugs, with a focus on variations related to a single gene.
Pharmacogenomics	A branch of pharmacogenetics (see earlier) that involves the survey of the entire genome to detect multigenic (multiple
Phenotype	The expression in the body of a genetic trait that results from a person’s particular genotype (see earlier) for that trait.
Recombinant DNA (rDNA)	DNA molecules that have been artificially synthesized or modified in a laboratory setting.

Created by: user-1914530

Popular Nursing sets

Fluid and Electrolytes

Need to know lab values for Nclex

Hints from Exam Cram NCLEX

Commonly used Abbreviations

Anatomy Questions for HESI entrance exam

Cardiovascular Pharmacology

1 A Cardiac Assessment

NCLEX Cram Simplifying Pharmacology

Fluid & Electrolyte & Acid-Base Balance

know for nclex

(-) roots and meanings end of word

1 A Cardiac Rhythym Strip Analysis

"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries: