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administration of contrast media into a vessel
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administration of contrast orally or rectally into the GI system
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CT/MRI S2 TEST 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| administration of contrast media into a vessel | intravenous/intravascular |
| administration of contrast orally or rectally into the GI system | gastrointestinal |
| injection of contrast into the intrathecal space surrounding the spinal cord | intrathecal |
| injection of contrast media into a joint space | intraarticular |
| *there has to be _ HU difference between tissues to be seen on a CT image | 10 |
| ct intravascular contrast increases _-_ HU | 40-75 |
| clearance in patients with normal renal function | 2 hours |
| the number of particles in solution per kilogram of water | osmolality |
| osmolality of blood | 290 |
| what is osmolality measured in | mOsm/kg |
| osmolality of conray | 1400 |
| osmolality of optiray | 502 |
| anything 1300 and above is considered | HOCM (extremely worried about reaction in teh patient and dehydration) |
| osmolality of visipaque | 290 |
| isomolar means | osmolality has the same as blood plasma |
| what controls homeostasis in the body | hypothalamus |
| the thickness or friction of a fluid as is flows | viscosity |
| what can change the viscosity of a fluid | heating/warming it up (it can be injected easier) |
| which has higher viscosity LOCM or HOCM | LOCM |
| whether an agent will separate in particles or not when dissolved in a solution | ionicity |
| composed of molecules that will disassociate into ions when in a solution | ionic contrast |
| type of contrast that will not dissociate | nonionic |
| what are some indications for contrast | gliomas, glioblastomas, astrocytomas, ependymomas, mengiomas, neuromas, trauma, infection.... |
| harm caused by chemical effects, dose, and speed of injection; true allergic reaction; will become more severe with another exposure | chemotoxic |
| resemble allergic reactions but produce no antibodies; not "true" allergic response; they are "allergic like" reactions | idiosyncratic |
| idiosyncratic reactions most often occur when | within an hour after administration |
| leakage of fluid from a vein into the surrounding tissues | contrast extravasation |
| what do you do if contrast extravasation happens | NOTIFY THE RADIOLOGIST |
| what size needle should be used to prevent extravasation | 18-20 G |
| where should you avoid when injecting contrast | hand, wrist, foot, ankle |
| patients with asthma have a _ x the risk of contrast reactions compared to those without asthma | 5-8 |
| people with hay fever have _ x increased risk of contrast reactions compared to those without hay fever or allergies to drugs or food | 2 |
| cessation of urine production | anuria |
| what does it mean to have known hypersensitivity | once a person has had a previous reaction even a very limited exposure can trigger a severe reaction |
| if individuals are allergic to seafood are they always allergic to iodine | NO |
| what is CIN | contrast induced nephropathy |
| who is at a higher risk for CIN | pts with diabetes, acute kidney injury, stage IV or V kidney function |
| t/f you do not need to screen for pregnancy when giving contrast | false; technically contrast will not affect the mother negatively, but they would still be getting radiation so you must screen |
| what affect does contrast have on patients with hyperthyroidism | can intensify thyroid toxosis |
| what are some ways to reduce contrast reactions | premedication, perform uncontrasted study, find alternative study, use low osmolar contrast media |
| positive contrast agents appear _ on an image | bright |
| negative contrast agents appear _ | dark |
| contraindications to giving barium sulfate | colon obstructions, colon perforation, tracheosophageal fistula, pyloric stenosis, hypersensivity to barium, aspiration |
| adverse reactions to barium | diarrhea, impaction, abdominal cramping, barium granuloma, barium appendicitis, perforation |
| oral iodinated contrast should be used when | question of bowel perforation |
| _ is a negative or neutral contrast agent | water |
| what is the ct wait time for intrathecal administration ** | 1-4 hours |
| if the patient has had to wait after having intrathecal contrast what should you do | roll the patient, and elevate the patients head 30 degrees |
| what are the most common places we used intraarticular contrast | hip, shoulder, wrist |
| for intraarticular contrast it is injected to better visualize what | soft tissues of the joint |
| most facilities require a serum creatine to be done every _ months if needed | 3 |
| routine scanning uses what phase | venous phase |
| HU units 10-30 is what phase | venous (nonequillibrium) |
| HU units 30 or more is what phase | arterial (blus) |
| HU units of less than 10 is what phase | equillibrium (delayed) |
| what should you give a patient that has a known allergy of contrast | benadryl, prednisone, medrol |
| what medication are we concerned about with diabetic pts | metformin |
| which contrast can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, and flatulence | oral iodinated contrast |
| how long should a generally take for contrast to leave the body | 24 hours |
| T1 weighted contrast includes | gadolinium & hepatocyte-directed contrast agents |
| T2 weighted contrast includes | reticuloendothelial agents & iron oxide agents |
| what is the appearance of gadolinium on T1 ? T2? | T1 bright; T2 dark |
| describe gadolinium | a heavy metal, is not organ specific, clears from the body rapidly |
| what is the half-life of gadolinium | 1.25-1.6 hours |
| what is the standard dose for gadolinium | .1 cc/lb or 1 cc/10 lb |
| what is the max gadolinium a pt can get | 20 cc |
| what are the contraindications / precautions when administering gadolinium | sickle cell disease, renal failure, allergies, asthma, pregnant/lactating women, previous reactions to gado or iodinated contrast |
| what are the adverse reactions to gadolinium | headaches, dizziness, urticaria, injection site warmth/coldness, increase in bilirubin and blood iron, death |
| how long does gado elevated bilirubin and how long after having it should you wait to get the labs | 4-6 & wait 24-48 hours |
| what are the pros about using hepatocyte-directed contrast agents | they are organ specific, can detect smaller liver lesions, and detect metastases |
| what is gado retention | when it remains in the body for longer then the normal time |
| the number one used t1 contrast agent | gadolinium |
| t2 weighted contrast; reticuloenthdothelial agents apear | super paramagnetic agent kupffer cells (in liver) normal tissues appear dark abnormal tissues appear bright |
| can you inject retculentnothelial in a pressure injector | no; must be hand injected over a thrity minute time period |
| t2 iron oxide contrast agent | super-paramegnetic agent general name = feridx liver agent known to cause groin and back pain if pt cannot have iron DO NOT GIVE 20 min injection |
| feridex is taken up by | macrophages |
| why do you typically not do colon studies in MRI | peristalsis |
| clay minerals - kaopectate/kaolin does what | decreases t1 times or majorly decreases t2 times |
| iron (geritol) does what | decreases t1 times and t2 times very safe |
Created by:
macummins1
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