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Unit 4 - AP Human G

Term	Definition
Political Map	Shows legal, jurisdictional, political, or administrative boundaries
State	A politically organized independent territory with a government, defined borders, and permanent population.
Nation	Are cultural entities that are made by individuals who share language, religion, ethnicity, or heritage. (Shares a common vision)
Nation - State	Territory occupied by a group who view themselves as a nation but has same politically recognized boundaries of state they call their own.
Stateless Nation	People united by culture, language, history, & tradition but not possessing a state.
Multinational State	A country with various ethnicities and cultures living inside its borders.
Multistate Nation	People share a cultural/ethnic background, but live in more than 1 country.
Autonomous/Semi-Autonomous region	They are given some authority to govern their own territories independently from the national government.
Sovereignty	The right of a government to control/defend its territory & determine what happens withing borders Other states must recognize that territory in order for it to become a state
Self-Determination	The right of all people to choose their own political status.
Colonialism	The process by which one nation exercises near complete control over another country which they have settled and taken over. Often, the governing country uses the colony for its resources, taking what is useful without regard to the original inhabitants.
Imperialism	Push to create an empire by exercising force or influence to control other nations or peoples.
Neocolonialism	Is the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control/influence other countries.
Shatterbelt	States that form, join, and break-up because of ongoing conflicts among parties.
Choke point	A narrow passageway to another place through which it is difficult to pass.
Territoriality	The attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, & relationships by delimiting & deserting control over a geographic area. EX: Country's flag
Relic Boundary	Former boundaries that once existed but no longer have an official function EX: East Berlin & Great Wall of China
Superimposed Boundary	Drawn over existing accepted borders, by an outside or conquering force.
Subsequent Boundary	Are drawn in areas that have been settled by people and where cultural landscapes already exist or are in the process of being established.
Antecedent Boundary	Are established before many people settle into an area. EX: 49th Parraell
Geometric Boundary	Perfectly straight man-made lines drawn, can cause conflict.
Consequent Boundary	Account the differences that exist within a cultural landscape, separating groups that have distinct languages, religions, ethnicities.
Demarcated Boundary	Physical boundaries such as fence, wall, stone
Demilitarized Zones	Usually established as a buffer between hostile countries or factions to reduce the risk of conflict.
Berlin Conference	A meeting of European powers aimed at regulating European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period.
Maritime Boundary	Sea Boundaries allowing countries access to offshore resources like oil.
UNCLOS	United Nations Convention Law of the Sea - established structure of maritime boundaries
International waters/open seas/high seas	Beyond the EEZ, open to any country, does not belong to anyone
Territorial seas	Extend 12 nautical miles off tis coast (Have right to sea)
Exclusive economic zone (EEZ)	Extends 200 nautical miles from its coast (Have sole access to materials/resources in sea)
Voting districts	Voting districts are specific geographic areas defined for the purpose of electing representatives to government bodies.
Redistricting	Boundaries withing a state are redrawn to determine voting districts for House of Reps & state's legislature.
Gerrymandering	The party that controls a majority of seats in state legislature draws legislative maps with a partisan advantage that favors their party over any other (Packing or Cracking)
Unitary state	More power is held by a central government that maintains authority over all of the state's territory, regional units, & people.
Federal state	Has a form of government in which the country's power is more broadly shared between a federal (national) government and its regional units. (THINK: LOCAL , STATE , NATIONAL)
Cold War	A prolonged period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States, along with their respective allies, from the end of World War II until the early 1990s.
Devolution	The transfer of power from central/high government to more local levels of government. IT IS GOING DOWN (To prevent fragmentation and disintegration)
Ethnic separatism	Ethnic groups seek division/separation (Quebec, Canada)
Ethnic cleansing	Genocide (get rid of/wipe out group) - an ethnic group is targeted (South Sudan)
Terrorism	Violence on civilians to send a message EX: 9/11
Irredentism	Desire to unite ethnic groups into one country EX: Nazis
Supranational Organization	An alliance of three or more states that work together in pursuit of common goals or to address an issue or challenge that these countries share.
United Nations	The purpose of the United Nations is to help all countries internationally, they focus on economic and social development on those countries, and ultimately want to ensure peace and security through out the states.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)	The purpose of NATO is the formation of different state’s militaries combining forces.
European Union (EU)	The European Union focuses on issues in Europe resembling ESPN factors.
Association of Southeast Nations (ASEAN)	The ASEAN is an international organization focusing on economic development, peace, and security in SE Asia.
Arctic Council	The Artic Council focuses on the condition of the Artic.
African Union	Formed in 2002 to advocate for unity and solidarity of African states to endorse international cooperation.
Democratization	The process of moving a nation's government from an authoritarian, meaning dictatorship system, to a democratic system.
Centrifugal forces	Is a force that divides groups of people. A force that pulls a state apart/diminishes the ability of the state to govern.
Centripetal forces	One that unites the groups of people. Force that draws people together to support the sovereignty of the state.
Ethnonationalism	When people of a country identify as having one common ethnicity, religion, and language. (CENTRIFUGAL FORCE)
Infrastructure	Infrastructure includes the physical systems, facilities, and services that support the daily lives of people and businesses in an urban area.
Failed State	A state within which the government has lost the ability to provide the most basic of public services.

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