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Respiratory-patho
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Respiration | Exchange of O2 and CO2 between atmosphere and body cells |
| What are the 4 things included in Respiration | 1)ventilation 2) diffusion 3) transportation 4) cellular respiration |
| which part of the respiratory tract is sterile | Lower resp. tract, from the trachea down |
| what is produced in the alveoli due there high vascularity | Heparin |
| what is the carina | spot where the bronchials split, it is highly sensitive and when stimulated causes sever coughing |
| what are the 2 types of alveoli | type I: gas exchange, type II: surfactnat production |
| what is the function of surfacttant in the alveoli | keep the alveoli inflated and keep them from rubbing against each other |
| where is the parietal pleura | lining the pulmonary cavity, thoracic wall, mediastinum, and the diaghram |
| where is the visceral pleura | lining the lungs |
| what is the plueral cavity | the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, there is a thin film of serous fluid that separates the 2 layers and keeps them from rubbing together |
| what is partial pressure | it means that the air that is in the environment is a higher pressure than what is in the lungs and we inhale until the pressure in the lungs is equal to that of the atmosphere |
| what is the basic property of gas | movement of gas is always from higher concentration to lower concentration |
| what is intrapleural pressure | pressure in the pleural cavity- always about -4mmHg |
| what would happen without a negative pressure in the pleural cavity | elastci recoil would casue lung collapse |
| what is the principle muscle of inspiration | diaphram |
| what is paradoximal movement | paralysis of one side of the diphram causing the chest to move up on the effected side rather than down |
| at what point of the central nervous system would respiration not be affected if paralysis were to occur | at the thoracic level or lower |
| what are the 4 things that diffusion is affected by | 1)difference in pressure of gas across membrane 2)surface area available 3)thickness of the alveolar-capillary membrane 4) characteristics of the gas |
| does CO2 diffuse faster or slower than O2 | faster: due to its greater solubility |
| what is the deffinition of diffusion | movement of gases in alveoli across the alveolar-capillary membrane |
| what is oxyhemoglobin | combo of O2 and hemoglobin, the form in which O2 is transported to cells, loose connection |
| how is CO2 transported | 1) dissolved CO2(10%) 2)carbaminohemoglobin(30%) 3)bicarbinate(60%)-this plays a HUGE role in pH balance |
| what are the respiratory centers in the brain | pons and medulla |
| what is perfusion | blood flow through the pulmonary capillary bed |
| what is lung compliance and what is it determine by | the ease that the lungs can be inflated, determined by elastin/collagen fibers, H2O content and surface tension |
| what is tidal volume | the vol of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath |
| what is vital capacity | maxx vol of air that can beexhaled after amx inspiration |
| wht is total lung capacity | max vol of air that the lungs can contain |
| what is the most frequent cause of infection | viruses |
| what does the chain of infection consist of | 1)num of microbes and characteristics 2) reservoire or source 3) mode of escape 4) vehicle for transmission 5) portal of entry 6) susceptible host |
| what is influenza | a viral infection that can affect the upper and lower resp tracts |
| which type of influenza is the major cause of epidemics and pandemics | influenza type A |
| what is hemagglutinin | subtype of influenza that allows the virus to enter epithelial cells in resp tract |
| what is neuroaminidase | a subtype of influenza that facilitates viral replication and release from the cell |
| which is more contagious type of infection: viral or bacterial | viral |
| what is the pathology of influenza | virus targets/kills mucous-secreting, ciliated and other epithelial cells-virus spreads to lower tract causing severe shedding of bronchial and alveolar cells-shredding down to single cell basal layer leading to secondary bacterial infection |
| what are the signs and symptoms of influenza | rapid onset, fever, chills, malaise, muscle ache, HA, runny nose, nonproductive cough, sore throat |
| what are the primary and secondary complications of influenza | 1) viral pneumonia 2)bacterial pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis |
| what is the treatment for influenza | rest and keep warm, drink large amounts of fluids, antipyretic, antiviral drugs, immunizations |
| what is pneumonia | inflammation of lung parenchyma that is caused by microbial agent |
| what are the more commonly used classifications of pnuemonia | 1) community acquired pneumonia 2)hospital aquired pneumonia 3)immuno compromised host(opportunistic) 4) aspiration |
| what are some predisposing factors of pneumonia | malnutrition, chronic resp infections, COPD, smoking, alcoholism, age, immuno suppressed, "tubes" in resp tract |
| what are the common signs and symptoms of pneumonia | stabbing chest pain-usually over location of infection, productive cough, tachypnea,dyspnea, and orthopnea |
| what is tuberclosis | infectious disease primarily caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, involves lungs and can spread to meniges, kidneys, bones, and lymph |
| when does initial TB infection occur | 2-10 weeks after exposure |
| how does transmission of TB occur | person actively infected with TB expels organisms while talking, coughing, sneezing, singing-susceptible host inhales droplets and becomes infected |
| how long does a cell mediated immune response take to be effective in TB | 3-6 weeks |
| can the macrophages in the lungs kill the TB bacilli | NO, they surround and engulf the bacteria |
| what does the cell mediated response to the TB bacteria result in | a grey-white circumscribed granulomatous lesion called GHON FOCUS- this granuloma contains the TB, modified macrophages and other immune cells |
| where is the granuloma usually located in the lungs | subpueral area of upper segments in the lower lobes or lower segments of upper lobes |
| what happens when the number of organisms reaches a high level | a hypersensitivity reaction produces significant necrosis- the Ghon undergoes a soft caseous necrosis |
| what is primary TB | the form of TB that develops in previously uninfected persons |
| what is secondary TB, what happens if untreated | either a reinfection or a reactivation of previously healed primary lesion- this is usually localized in the apex, cavities form and may grow to 3-10cm in diameter, if it goes untreated it leads to wasting disease |
| what are disorders of lung inflation(restrictive) | (inability to inhale) conditions that produce lung compression or collapse that include pleural effusion, pneumothorax, atelectasis, pleurisy, hydrothorax, exudate,empyema, chylothorax, homothorax, |
| what is a pleural effusion | compression of the lungs by an abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity |
| what is pleurisy | inflamation of the pleura |
| what is hydrothorax | an accumulation of serous transudate-CHF, renal failure, liver failure, and malignancy |
| what is exudate | pleural fluid with a specific gravity >1.020(further from 1 thicker it is) usually from infection, pulmonary infarction, malignancy, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus |
| what is empyema | purulent drainage-cant see through it and is super thick |
| what is chylothorax | effusion of lymph-milky fluid |
| what is hemothorax | blood in the pleural cavity-usually caused by trauma or chest surgery |
| what does fluid in the pleural cavity do to the lungs | causes decreased expansion on the affected side and may cause a shift in the mediastinal structures towards the opposite side |
| when does a pneumothorax occur | when are enters the plueral cavity |
| what are the different types of pneumothorax | 1)spontaneous-air filled bleb/blsiter ruptures, allows air to enter plueral cavity 2)traumatic-penitrating/nonpenitrating 3)tension-intrapleural pressure exceeds atmo pressure-injury allows air to enter but NOT LEAVE, usually traumatic: LIFE THREATENING |
| what is atelectasis | incomplete expansion of a lung of portion of lung |
| what are some causes of atelectasis | airway obstruction, lung compression, increased recoil |
| what are obstructive airway disorders, what are some examples | cant get air out of lungs, bronchial asthma, COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis |
| what is bronchial asthma | chronic disorder that causesepisodes of airway obstruction, bronchial hyper-responsiveness, and airway inflammation |
| what is COPD | GROUP of resp disorders characterized chronic and recurrent obstruction of airflow such as emphysema, chronic bronchitis |
| what is emphysema | loss of lung elasticity and abnormal enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles |
| what causes enlargement of the air spaces | hyper inflation of the lungs and increase in total lung capacity |
| what is total lung capacity(TLC) | max vol of air that lungs can contain-6L(norm) |
| what causes emphysema | smoking or inherited-a1antitrypsin deficiency |
| what is centrilobar emphysema, what does it look like | centrilobular-pathologic change in bronchioles=chronic hypoxia, hypercapnia, polycythemia and RIGHT SIDED HEART FAILURE(blue bloater);edema, pale, diff breathing |
| what is panlobar emphysema, what does it look like | destruction of resp bronchioli, alveolar duct, and alveoli(pink puffer)pink-red cheeks, ie: tiny old ladies who smoke till theyre 80 and have rosy cheeks |
| what is chronic bronchitis | airway obstruction of major and small airways-usually a result of smoking and recurrent infetions |
| how is chronic brinchitis dx | chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months in at least 2 consecutive years |
| what changes do you see in the lungs with chronic bronchitis | increase in goblet cells and excess mucous production, plugging of airway lumen, inflamation, and fibrosis |
| how does a PE develope | blood-borne substance lodges in branches of pulmonary artery blocking blood flow |
| what is the most common source of PE | DVT |
| what is pulmonary hypertension | elvated pressure in the pulmonary artery which increases the workload of the RIGHT HEART |
| what is cor-pulmonale | RIGHT sided heart failure due to primary lum=ng disease and pumonary hypertension |
Created by:
kat1987
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