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innate immunity (4):
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Immune system
patho
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| opportunistic infection | infections that occur in people with weakened immune systems and are caused by microorganisms that typically do not cause disease in healthy individuals |
| innate immunity (4): | -1st line of defense -nonspecific -barriers include skin, mucous membranes, GI microbiome, sweat, and enzymes in tears -macrophages, cytokines, and NK cells |
| adaptive immunity (5): | -2nd line of defense -slower response that depends on innate immunity -specific and memory response -recognizes self vs. non-self with MHC proteins -T cells and B cells |
| what are the proteins on the surface of cells that activate the adaptive immune response when a pathogen is detected? | TLRs (toll-like receptors) |
| CD4 cells: | -helper T cells -stimulates release of cytokines to make antibodies or CD8 cells |
| CD8 cells: | cytotoxic T cells |
| what are 2 examples of APCs? | -macrophages -dendritic cells |
| what do APCs do? | present antigens to activate T cells |
| list the 4 steps of cell-mediated immunity: | 1)antigen stimulates APC 2)antigen is processed by APC 3)CD4 cell releases cytokines to make CD8 cells 4)CD8 cell attacks antigen-APC complex |
| list the 3 steps of antibody-mediated immunity: | 1)antigen stimulates B cell 2)CD4 cell releases cytokines to turn B cells into plasma cells 3)plasma cell secretes immunoglobulins that attack the antigen |
| what are the 5 things that immunoglobulins do? | -bind to specific antigens -neutralize bacteria -attack viruses -promote phagocytosis -activate and reactivate the immune response |
| a primary Ig response occurs when... | a cell is exposed to antigen and there is a lag time between recognition and proliferation |
| which Ig is the primary responder? | IgM |
| a secondary/amnestic Ig response occurs when... | the same antigen invades the body a second time |
| what happens during the secondary/amnestic response? | there is a rapid release of IgG (memory cell response), and antigen is neutralized before symptoms occur |
| what are the 5 immunoglobulins? | -IgD -IgM -IgG -IgA -IgE |
| IgD is located on basophils and mast cells in the... (3) | -skin -respiratory tract -GI tract |
| IgD is responsible for... | hypersensitivity reactions |
| where is IgM located in the body? | bloodstream |
| IgM presents ... in infection | early |
| which Ig is the largest? | IgM, it is a macroglobulin |
| which Ig is the most abundant in the blood? | IgG |
| IgG presents ... in infection | late-- during recovery and long after |
| IgG is involved in ... immunity | long-term |
| which Ig moves across the maternal-fetal barrier? | IgG |
| where is IgA located in the body? (5) | -saliva -secretions -breast milk -GI tract -tears |
| what does IgA do? | protects mucous membranes of GI, GU, and pulmonary tracts |
| IgE is found on mast cells in the... (4) | -pulmonary tract -GI tract -skin -mucous membranes |
| IgE responds to... (2) | -allergic reactions -parasitic infections |
| exposure to antigen through illness OR vaccination; immune system is activated right then and there and memory cells are produced | active acquired immunity |
| individual receives premade antibodies; provides immediate immunity but is short term | passive acquired immunity |
| what is an example of passive acquired immunity? | hepatitis B immunoglobulin or antibodies transferred in breast milk |
| specific formula of a weakened, non-disease-producing pathogen that exposes the body to the antigen; body will stimulate an immune response to make memory cells; all happens without disease contraction | vaccine |
| booster vaccine: | an additional dose of vaccine to stimulate the immune system’s antigenic memory |
| toxoid vaccine | produced against toxin-producing bacteria ex: tetanus toxoid |
| which antibody is measured in both allergy and serology testing? | IgE |
| overreactions of the immune system are... | hypersensitivity reactions |
| underreactions of the immune system are usually because of... | immunodeficiency |
| explain the 2 kinds of underreactions: | -primary: congenital/present at birth -secondary: develop due to infection, chemo, or immunosuppressive drugs |
| type I hypersensitivity: | immediate hypersensitivity |
| type II hypersensitivity: | cytotoxic hypersensitivity |
| type III hypersensitivity: | immune complex hypersensitivity |
| type IV hypersensitivity: | delayed hypersensitivity |
| describe the process of type I hypersensitivity: | -antigen (allergen) interacts with APC -B cells are activated and produce IgEs -IgEs bind to mast cells and cause degranulation -histamines induce allergy symptoms |
| what are examples of type I hypersensitivity? (4) | -food allergens -bee stings -asthma -allergic rhinitis |
| describe the process of type II hypersensitivity: | -IgG and IgM attack antigens on cell surface -antibody-mediated cell lysis results |
| what is an example of type II hypersensitivity? | blood transfusion reaction |
| describe the process of type III hypersensitivity: | -antigens combine with Igs and make immune complexes -immune complexes deposit in tissues -results in tissue damage |
| what are examples of type III hypersensitivity? (3) | -RA -Lupus -acute glomerulonephritis |
| describe the process of type IV hypersensitivity: | -begins with T cells that have had previous exposure to the antigen -T cells do not attack for days |
| what are examples of type IV hypersensitivity? (3) | -poison ivy -transplant rejection -Mantoux test for TB |
| when T cells or Igs cannot distinguish self vs. non-self... | the body develops antibodies against its own tissues known as autoantibodies |
| which type of hypersensitivity is SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus)? | Type III: Immune complex |
| in SLE, what kind of autoantibody is present? | antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) |
| what exacerbates SLE? | UV light |
| list the risk factors for SLE (8): | -women of childbearing age (15-40 years old) -high estrogen levels -genetics -people who have had mono -smokers -african americans -latinos -asians |
| list the labs/diagnosis for SLE (6): | -ESR test -CRP test -leukopenia -thrombocytopenia -anemia -UA: anything that means low GFR |
| list the symptoms for SLE (5): | -butterfly rash on face -joint inflammation -kidney damage -vasculitis -raynaud's |
| what 2 lab tests will be elevated in autoimmune disorders due to chronic inflammation? | ESR and CRP |
| what kind of cell does HIV infect? | CD4 |
| list the risk factors for HIV (3): | -participating in unsafe sex -MSM (men who have sex with men) -IV drug abusers (dirty needles) |
| list the 6 ways that HIV can be transmitted: | -semen/vaginal secretions -blood -saliva -organ transplants -transplancental -breast milk |
| what kind of virus is HIV? | a retrovirus, meaning it uses RNA as its genetic material |
| HIV targets CD4 cells that express... | CD4 receptors and chemokine receptors CCR5 or CXCR4. |
| what kind of receptor on a CD4 cell is needed for HIV attachment? | CCR5 |
| when HIV fuses with a T cell, HIV virus cell will... | insert it's RNA into the cell |
| after the HIV RNA enters the cell, what happens next? | reverse transcriptase to converts HIV RNA to DNA |
| after the HIV virus converts its RNA to DNA, what happens next? | integrase will integrate the HIV DNA in the CD4 DNA |
| after the HIV DNA is integrated with the CD4 DNA, what happens next? | the CD4 cell uses protease to assemble new HIV viruses |
| HIV-infected CD4 cells are unable to... | carry out an immune response, and will eventually die |
| once CD4 cells are infected with HIV, how does HIV spread throughout the body? | through macrophages (bc macrophages are everywhere) |
| list the 3 symptom stages of HIV: | 1)acute retroviral syndrome 2)latency 3)AIDS |
| list the symptoms of the acute retroviral syndrome symptom phase of HIV (8): | -fever -headache -fatigue -pharyngitis -GI symptoms -lymphadenopathy -arthralgia -myalgia |
| describe the latency symptom phase of HIV: | HIV virus can become dormant within CD4 cells and can cause little to no symptoms; can remain dormant from months to a decade |
| list the symptoms of the AIDS symptom phase of HIV (3): | -fever -night sweats -weight loss |
| what can develop when a pt's HIV has turned into AIDS? what can occur from it? | -severe immunodeficiency -opportunistic infection |
| what is the CD4 cell count during the acute retroviral syndrome symptom phase of HIV? | > 500 |
| what is the CD4 cell count during the latency symptom phase of HIV? | 200-499 |
| what is the CD4 cell count during the AIDS symptom phase of HIV? | < 200 |
| what is the most accurate measurement of immune system impairment for HIV pts? | CD4 cell count being less than 200 |
| the hallmark sign of HIV is... | the progressive depletion of CD4 cells |
| viral load: | measurement of the number of viruses in the bloodstream |
| what HIV lab test is the earliest means of detection? | viral load |
| what viral load value indicates that a pt has a high risk for AIDS? | > 100,000 copies/mL |
| serconversion: | a pt going from antibody negative to antibody positive |
| when someone is infected with HIV, what is range of when antibodies appear in the blood? | 2 weeks-6 months |
| after an HIV pt undergoes seroconversion, what do they test positive for? | ELISA |
| when an HIV pt tests positive for ELISA, what test is used to confirm this? | western blot test (highly sensitive for antibodies) |
| what are the 4 potential opportunistic infections one can get from HIV? | -pneumocystis pneumonia -TB -toxoplasmosis -candida (yeast) infections |
| describe the malignant potential complication that can form in a pt who has HIV | kaposi sarcoma: cancer that develops from the cells that line the lymph or blood vessels; purple, red, or brown blotchy tumors appear on skin or on mucosal surfaces like the mouth, lymph nodes, or GI tract |
Created by:
akgross
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