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Urinary Elimination
Structure of the Urinary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the kidneys? | Two bean-shaped organs 6cm wide x 12 cm long. Located at level L1 on either side of the spine. Each kidney contains 1 million nephrons. |
| What are nephrons? | Working units of the kidney. |
| What is the nephron made up of? | Inside each nephron is a Glomerulus consisting of a cluster of apillaires surrounded by Bowman's capsule and a system of tubules. |
| What is the structure of the urinary system? | Ureters(hollow tubes carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder)25-30cm long. bladder(hollow muscular organ located in lower pelvis that stores urine.) Urethra (Carries urine from bladder to meatus; flow controlled by urinary sphincter. |
| Is incontinence a normal part of aging? | No |
| What is the average output of urine an hour? | approx 30 mL/hr |
| What is the pH of urine? | 5.5-7.0 |
| What is Anuria? | Less than 100 mL of urine output in 24 hours. |
| What is Dysuria? | Painful or difficult urination; may be from infection or trauma |
| What is Incontinence? | Involutary release of urine. Loss of normal bladder control. |
| What is Nocturia? | When a person has to get up more than twice in the night to void. |
| What is oliguria? | Decreased urine output less than 400 mL in 24 hours. |
| What is Polyuria? | Excessive urination (>1500 mL in 24 hours) |
| What is cystitis? | inflammation of the bladder, may be caused by irritation of highly concentrated urine, pathogenic bacteria, injury, or insillation of an irritating substance. s/s freq, urgency, dysuria. |
| What are some abnormalities found in urine? | Glucosuria-glucose in urine Proteinuria-protein in urine Hematuria-blood in urine Pyuria-pus in urine Ketonuria-ketones in urine |
| How do you handle a normal voided specimen? | Send to the lab within 5-10 minutes. Urine standing more than 15 mins changes characteristics. |
| What are the structures involved in waste elimination? | Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum,ileum)carries chyme from stomach to large intestine, ileocecal valve (controls flow of chyme into large intestine. Large intestine(ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and anus) |
| What are the 4 layers of the intestine? | Mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serous layer (serosa) |
| What does the small intestine do? | processes chyme into a more liquid state. Adds bile from the liver to help break down fats. Villi on the small intestine walls absorb nutrients. |
| What does the large intestine do? | absorbs water, sodium, chlorides. waste material stored until expelled. Peristalsis moves chyme and gas through the intestines(causing bowel sounds) transit time 18-72hrs. Feces stored in sigmoid colon until defecation. defecation under voluntary control. |
| What is a hypoactive bowel? | Indicates a decrese in peristalsis. Usually results in constipation. |
| What is hyperactive bowel? | Increase in peristalsis, usually results in diarrhea. |
| What is fecal incontinence? | Lack of voluntary control of fecal evacuation; inability to retain feces. |
| What are rectal suppositories? | Used to promote bowel movements. promote bowel evacuation. |
| What are enemas? | fluid introduced into rectum by means of a tube. Stimulate peristalsis or wash out waste products. |
| What are the different types of enemas? | Retention (softens stool as oil is absorbed). Cleansing (stimulates peristalsis through distention and irritation of colon and rectum) Distention reduction(relieves discomfort from flatus)Medicated(solution w/drugs reduce bacteria)disposable(small volume) |
| What is a bowel ostomy? | A diversion of intestinal contents from their normal path. Results in formation of an external opening called a stoma. May be an internal tissue pouch w/valve opening. controlled elimination through the stoma. |
| What are the types of ostomies? | Ileostomy(Liquid)-diversion of the small bowel contents to a pouch or stoma; effluent is liquid. Colostomy-Diversion of the colon effluent may be liquid or solid depending on the site; may require irrigation. |
Created by:
krislynn
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