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oncology
pn 141 test 2, book: burke pg: 252, 306, 455, 735, 563, 920, 821, 854
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what happens when the normal cells mutate | they become abnormal cells that grow uncontrollably and continue to reproduce w/ in the body |
| where in the body does cancer effect | any body tissue |
| def of oncology | is the study of cancer |
| what is the most frequantly Dx cancer in wm | breast cancer |
| what is the most frequantly Dx cancer in men | prostate cancer |
| it is the ______ most common cause of death | second |
| what is the leading cause of cancer deaths | lung cancer |
| what ethnic group has the highest mortality rate of cancer | AA |
| charecteristics of mature and normal cells | uniform in size, nuclei is unique to the tissue it belongs |
| in the cell nucleus chromosomes containing DNA molecules carry the genetic info the controls __________ | protein synthesis |
| any change in the blueprint of a gene can produce what type of cell; this increases the risk for what | an abnormal one; a cancerous cell |
| def of neoplasm | (neo=new, plasm=tissue) a mass of abnormal cells that grows independently of its surrounding structures and has no physiologic purpose. |
| neoplasm aka | tumor |
| neoplasms grow at what type of rate | one unrelated to the body |
| do neoplasms benifit the host | no |
| what are the two classes of neoplasms | benign or malignent |
| neoplasms: def of benign | localized growths w/ well defined borders, usually encapsulated |
| neoplasms: do benign respond to bodies control | usually |
| neoplasms: how do benign grow | slowly and remain stable |
| neoplasms: why are benign ones easy to remove | b/c they are encapsulated; they tend not to reoccur |
| neoplasms: when can benign ones cause a problem | if they crowd surrounding tissue and obstruct the function of organs |
| neoplasms: def of malignent | they grow rapidly, do not respond to body's control, they have an irregular shape and cut through surrounding tissue |
| neoplasms: when maglignent ones cut through the surrounding tissue what are the manis? | bleeding, inflammation and necrosis of tissue |
| neoplasms: maglinent ones are AKA | cancer |
| malignant neoplasms: why are able to move into surrounding body tissues so easily | b/c they compress and the cancer cells easily can separate from the neoplasm |
| malignant neoplasms: what happens when malignant cells separate from the primary tumor | they can travel through the blood or lymph to invade other tissues of the body |
| def of metastasis | the secondary tumors that form and the process by which malignant neoplasms spread |
| neoplasms: characteristics of a benign one | local, cohesive, well-defined borders, pushes other tissues away, slow growth, encapsulated, easily removed, does not reoccur |
| neoplasms: characteristics of a malignant one | invasive, noncohesive, does not stop at tissue border, invades and destroys surrounding tissues, rapid growth, metastasizes to distant sites, not always easy remove, can recur |
| metastasis: how do these cells travel | as an embolism in the blood or lymph or they are shed into body cavities |
| metastasis: for this to occur the cancerous cells have to be undetected by what body system | the immune system |
| metastasis: why is impairment or suppresion of the immune system a major factor in the establishment of metastatic lesions | if the immune system is suppressed it may not detected the new metastatic lesions |
| metastasis: what are the most common sites for metastasized tumors to form | lymph nodes, liver, lungs, bones, brain |
| metastasis: ____ % of all cancers have already metastasized when tumor is identified | 50% |
| metastasis: do all cancers metastasize | no |
| metastasis: common metastasic site/s for the primary tumor of bronchogenic (lung) | spinal cord, brain, liver, bone |
| metastasis: common metastasic site/s for the primary tumor of breast | regional lymph nodes, vertebrae, brain, liver |
| metastasis: common metastasic site/s for the primary tumor of colon | liver, lungs, brain, ovary |
| metastasis: common metastasic site/s for the primary tumor of prostate | bladder bone, liver |
| metastasis: common metastasic site/s for the primary tumor of malignant melanoma | lung, liver, spleen, regional lymph nodes |
| is it a single disease | no |
| does it have a single cause | no |
| def of carcinogens | cancer causing agents |
| what is necessary to tranform a cell into a cancer cell | damage to and mutation of multiple genes |
| Carcinogenesis: what are the 3 steps of it | initiation (proliferation of mutant cells), promotion of abnormal cell growth, progression of abnormal mutant cells to malignancy |
| def of oncogenes | genes that are capable of promoting uncontrollable cellular growth (all cells in the body have these |
| oncogenes: are these genes normally repressed by the body | yes |
| oncogenes: what can cause the body to switch on these genes? | invading viruses and other carcinogens |
| oncogenes: what happens when these genes are switched on | the rate of cell replication accelerates and normal inhibitory factors that prevent uncontrolled cell growth are suppressed (allow the transformed cell to develop in to a tumor) |
| def of anticogenes | they are genes that suppress a tumor; they inhibit tumor cell proliferation |
| anticogenes: what happens when these genes are inactivated | the tumor growth is unregulated |
| def of angiogenesis | the growth of new BV |
| how does a tumor take place in the body and grow (what in the body does it escape) | the immune system |
| what are carcinogens | viruses, drugs, hormones, chemical and physical agents are known to cause cancer or have strong links to certain kinds of cancer |
| what are noncontrollable risk factors: | heradity, age, gender, and poverty |
| what cancers are associated w/ inherated genetic defects | breat, colorectal, lung, prostate |
| who and what type of cancer does a person with the BRCA gene mutation have an increased risk to develop it | wm, breast cancer |
| how/ why is age a risk factor | 805 of all cancers happen over 55 yo, immune response is altered with aging, long term expsoure to carcingenic agents, hormonal changes, |
| postmenopausal wm receiving exogenous estrogen have an increased risk to receive what types of cancer | breast and uterine |
| what cancers more commonly occur in females | breast, thyroid |
| what cancers more commonly occur in males | bladder, prostate |
| why is poverty a risk factor to cancer | inadequate healthcare, so unable to do preventative screening for early detection |
| what are controllable risk factors | stress, diet, weight, occupation, infection, drup and alcohol use and sun exposure |
| why is stress a risk factor to cancer | unmanaged stress can keep certain hormones at high levels whichs leads to a systematic fatigue and impaired immune survelliance |
| obesity is linked to what type of cancers | breast, bowel, ovary, endometrium, prostate (hormone dependent cancers) |
| hepatitis B increases the risk for what type of cancer | liver |
| smoking increases the risk for what type of cancer | lung |
| s/s that could possibly be cancerous (CAUTION model) | C: change in bowel or bladder function, A: a sore that doesn't heal, U: unusual bleeding or discharge, T: thickening/lump in breast or body, I: indigestion or difficulty swallowing, obvious or recent C: change in wartN: nagging cough or hoarseness |
| why do most people not seek early DX ant TX | b/c of fear, denial, anxiety, stigma, absense of early s.s |
| Guidelines for cancer screening: breasts | routine self exam starting at age 20, report change of tissue to MD, clincal breast exam q2 years from age 20-39, annual mamogram at age 40 |
| Guidelines for cancer screening: colon and rectum | starting at age 50: annual fecal occult blood test, sigmoidoscopy q 5 years, colonoscopy q 10 years, barium q 5 years |
| Guidelines for cancer screening: cervix and uterus | pelvic exam every 2 yeasr for seually active girls and those over 18 yo, endometrial biopsy with those at increased risk |
| Guidelines for cancer screening: prostate | starting at age 50: annual digital rectal exam, prostate specific antigen test |
| what are the common general manis of cancer | pain (acute anf chronic), bone marrow suppression, anorexia, disrupt organ function (hoarse, cough, SOB, jaundice, constipation, hematuria, difficulty urination, uterine bleeding, personality changes, paraneoplastic syndromes |
| common general manis of cancer: what does bone marrow suppression do to RBC, WBC and platelets | anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia |
| common general manis of cancer: s/s of bone marrow suppresion | fatigue, exercise intolerance, increased incidence of infection, brusing, petechiae, obvious bleeding |
| common general manis of cancer: anorexia- what is cachexia syndrome | recent wt loss, poor appetite early satiety |
| common general manis of cancer: what is paraneoplastic syndrome; what can pt develop b/c of this | altered blood chemistries, manis of electrolyte and hormone imbalances; cushings syndrome |
| what is the #1 early s/s | PAin |
| what is cancer pain due to | direct tumor involvment (it may strech tissues or press on pain receptors) |
| common general manis of cancer: distruption of organ function- what is the cause | obstruction or pressure caused by tumors |
| common general manis of cancer: why is the bone marrow suppressed | by invasion of the marrow by milignant cells, poor nutrition, and TX like chemo and radiation |
| leukopenia can impair the pt ability to fight off what | infections |
| common general manis of cancer: inffection is due to what | impaired immune defenses and direct effects of the tumor |
| thrombocytopenia impairs what | blood clotting and contributes to serious bleeding |
| anorexia-cachexia syndrome: why is it common in cancer patients | the metabolic rate increases as cancer cells reproduce and the cancer cells divert nutrients from normal cells. Also the tumor secrete substances that alter tastes and smells. Pain, infection and depression contribute |
| what are the four main goals of Care for the pt w/ cancer | eliminate tumor or cells (cure), prevent metastatis (control), reduce cellular growth and tumor burden, promote functional abilites and provide pain relief to those who do not respond to tx |
| Diagnostic tests: tumor markers- what are they | they are substances or proteins produced or secreted by malignant cells that are found in the blood |
| Diagnostic tests: tumor markers- common ones | cell surface proteins, oncofetal antigens, cell enzymes, hormones, markers of tissue injury, antibodies to specific cancers |
| Diagnostic tests: tumor markers- what are they used for | determien pt response to therapy, and detect residual disease |
| Diagnostic tests: what other labs are done | CBC (bone marrow suppression), specific organ studies (organ function and metastitis) |
| Diagnostic tests: X-ray - why is it done | least expensive least invasive, can detect tumors < 1 cm |
| Diagnostic tests: X-ray - what can't it do | distinguish between cysts and tumors |
| Diagnostic tests: CT scans - what does it show | reveals subtle difference in tissue densities, more accurate than xrays, |
| Diagnostic tests: ultrasound - why is it done | non invasive, monitors tumors in breasts, prostate, other organs |
| Diagnostic tests: MRI - why is it done | preferred for head and neck tumors, |
| Diagnostic tests: angiography - why is it done | used when tumors location cannot be identified. disruption in the flow of a vessel indicate tumor location |
| Diagnostic tests: direct visualization - why is it done | a scope, it is invasive but allows inspection of organs and usually permits a biopsy of suspicious lesions and masses |
| Diagnostic tests: exploratory surgery - why is it done | allows direct visualization and biopsy, benign mass is usually removed if biopsy is negative. If biopsy is positive, the tumor, any suspicious tissue and adjacent nodes are removed |
| Diagnostic tests: MRI - why is it done | biopsy specimens are collected by exfoliation, aspiration of fluid, or needle aspiration, sputum, urine, to find presence of malignent cells |
| how are malignant tumors classified (3 things) | classification, grading, staging |
| tumor classification: how are they clasified; give examples | by their tissue or cell of origin origin (leukemias - WBC, sarcoma= bone, =hodskins= named by the discoverer) |
| tumor grading: how are they graded | grading evals cell differentiation and estimates the rate of growth (aggressiveness) |
| tumor grading: what cells earn a grade of 1; | cells that are well differentiated and most closely resemble normal cells of the tissue. (good prognosis) |
| tumor grading: what grade is the least malignent; the most? | grade 1; grade 4 |
| tumor grading: what cells earn a grade of 4 | cells that are the least differentiated. they are significantly different than normal cells. (poor prognosis) |
| tumor staging: how are they staged, give stages one through 4 | staged by the relative size of the tumor and extent of the disease (used w/ TNM classification system)(1-4; 1= confined local, 2= lymph nodes, 3= nearby tissue, 4= distant mets |
| tumor staging: what does TNM stand for in the class system for staging | T= tumor size and invasiveness (T 0-4 no tumor to varying size), N= presence and extent of lymph node involvement (node metastis detected), M= distant metastases (ascending degrees of metastisis ) |
| Surgery: used to Dx and stage _ % of all cancers and is primary Tx for __% of cancers | 90%; 60% |
| tumor staging: whenever possible teh tumor is _________ | removed |
| surgyer: when is it used for palliative measures | when when the tumor is nonresectable, ti promote function of the involved organs to relieve pain and reduce the bulk of the tumor |
| radiation therapy: why is it used | to injure DNA, it kills the tumor, reduces its size, decreases pain, relieves obstruction (curative, prophylactic, palliatevie) |
| radiation therapy: what is external radiation | the source of radiation is at a distance from the pt and delivers a relatively uniform dose |
| radiation therapy: what is internal/ brachytherapy | the radioactive material is placed directly into the tumor site, delivering a high dose to the tumor and a lower dose to the normal tissues around it |
| radiation therapy: in internal/ brachytherapy, how is it implanted | it is sealed in tubes, containers, wires, seeds, capsules, needles that are inserted into the tissues. the implant is temporary or permanent |
| radiation therapy: does external radiation place others at risk; why or why not | no; b/c the pt does not emit radioactive particles |
| radiation therapy: does internal radiation place others at risk; why or why not | yes; b/c pt emits radioactive particles |
| radiation therapy: internal/ brachytherapy caregiver precautions | maintain distance from rad, shield self from rad with lead gloves,do not provide care if pregnant, monitor self if working often w/ rad- ppl, don't touch radioisotope containers, private room/bath for pt, dispose body fluids specially, use forcepts to pla |
| radiation therapy: adverse reactions | skin damage, ulcerations of MM, vulnerability to infection, bone marrow suppresion, GI effects, exudates in lungs (rad PNA), necrosis and fistula of adjacent tissue |
| Chemotherapy: what does it do | it disrupts malignant and rapidly dividing cells by intertupting cell metabolism and replication. Reduces cell's ability to synthesize needed enzymes and chemicals |
| Chemotherapy: what cancers can it cure | leukemias, lymphomas, some solid tumors |
| Chemotherapy: use | cure, treat metastasis, decrease tumor size, adjunct to rad and surgery |
| what are biologic response modifiers (BRMs) | they modify the antitumor response of the body. |
| Chemotherapy: do most regimines involve a combo of drugs | yes |
| Chemotherapy: do all have adverse effects | yes |
| Chemotherapy: how is tx dosed | in cycles, with rest periods (individualized) |
| Chemotherapy: how long is Tx given | continued until disease enters remission or the particular protocol is abandoned and a new one is tried |
| Chemotherapy: why are several courses of chemo necessary | b/c a fixed percentage of cells are killed with each course |
| Chemotherapy: what is the goal | to reduce the number of malignant cells until the body can finish the job |
| Chemotherapy: how much chemo is given | as much as pt can tolerate |
| Chemotherapy: what type of cells are most subject to damage in the body | rapidly dividing cells (hair, bone marrow, GI tract, testes) |
| Chemotherapy: bone marrow suppression- anemia does what to the pt | fatigue, exercise intolerance, pale, tired, HR is high b/c it is compensating |
| Chemotherapy: what is given to rescue the bone marrow following chemo | colony-stimulating factor (CSFs), hematopoietic growth factors |
| Chemotherapy: CSFs- what do they do | they regulate the growth and differentiation of blood cells and reduce bone marrow suppression |
| Chemotherapy: CSFs- what is a common side effect | *bone pain, fever, chills, anorexia, muscle aches, lethargy |
| Chemotherapy: adverse affects on the Gi | stomatitis, N/V/D |
| Chemotherapy: adverse affects on the Gi: what should be administered prior to giving chemo meds to reduce N/V | antiemetic |
| Chemotherapy: adverse affects on the Gi: what can diarrea lead to; how to manage it | fluid deficit; constipating foods (cheese) and high fiber |
| Chemotherapy: adverse affects on the Gi: what can stomoatis lead to; why? | malnutrition; b/c it interfers w/ the ability to eat |
| Chemotherapy: adverse affects : what is alopecia | reversable hair loss, |
| Chemotherapy: other adverse affects | alopecia, teratogenic (defects on fetus), sterility, hyperuricemia (high uric acid levels in blood)increased risk for cancer |
| Chemotherapy: adverse affects: why is there an increased risk for cancer when taking them | due to the DNA damage by chemotherapy agents |
| Chemotherapy: what are the major classes of Chemo drugs | alkylating agents, antimetabolites, cytotoxic antibiotics, plant derivatives, hormose |
| Chemotherapy: how can they be administered | orally, IM, IV, intrathecally (subarachnoid space), direct injection into the tumor itself, intraperitoneal or intrapleural |
| Chemotherapy: administering: why are VADS (vascular assess devices used) | when several cycles of Tx over weeks or months are required |
| Chemotherapy: administering: how do VADS (vascular assess devices) work | the drug is injected into a large central vein, reducing local irritating effects of the drug on vein walls and the risk of extravasation of the drug into subcutaneous tisue |
| Chemotherapy: administering: types of VADs | PICC lines, tunneled caths into a major vein, surgically inplanted ports (mediport) |
| biotherapy: what is it used to treat | immunotherapy used to treat solid tumors, hematologic malignancies and bone marrow transplants, supportive therapy for myelosuppressive chemo |
| biotherapy: what does it include | injection of monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, hematopoietic growth factors, natural killer cells, |
| biotherapy: does it have a serious adverse toxic effect | YES |
| biotherapy:adverse toxic effect: what are they | change in renal, cardiac, liver, GI, mental functioning, severe flu s/s (temp, N/V, chills, D, fatigue |
| biotherapy/ immunotherapy: nursing care | monitor for adverse effects (mental slowing, lethargy, flulike s/s, N/V/D), monitos liver and renal, assess desired response to therapy, assess coping, monitor and manage fatigue and depression, teach med admin, |
| bone marrow transplant: when is it often used | with or following chemo and rad., particularly in hemotologic cancers |
| bone marrow transplant: what is doen in allogeneic | BM of healthy donor (sibling or relative) is infused into pt with illness |
| bone marrow transplant: what is doen in autologous | pt own BM is aspirated during a perios of disease remission, frozen and stored and the infused if disease reoccures |
| Stem cell transplant: an alternative to what | Bone marrow transplant |
| Stem cell transplant: what is done | replacement of recipients blood cell lines (WBC, RBC, platelets), w/ cells derived from donar stem cells. |
| for stem and BM transplant, does donar tissue have to be closely matched to pt | yes |
| for stem and BM transplant, what is done prior to admin | high doses of chemotherapy and total body irradication are used to destroy malignant cells in the bone marrow |
| for stem and BM transplant, what is pt at increased risk for prior to and immediately after transplant; why? | risk for infection and bleeding; b/c of depletion of WBCs, and platelets |
| graft verses host disease: when can this occur | in a CMT, or SCT |
| graft verses host disease: what is it | it develops when immune cells of the donated bone marrow identify the recipient's body tissue as foreign. the T cells in the donated marrow attack the liver, skin and GI tract |
| graft verses host disease: s/s | GI bleeding, liver damage (jaundice) |
| graft verses host disease: when does acute develop | w/in days of transplant <100 |
| graft verses host disease: when does chronic develop | later, >100 after transplant |
| graft verses host disease: Tx | antibiotics, steroids, immunosuppresive drugs |
| def of petechiae | small red spots that do not blanch w/ pressure |
| Nx Dx: chronic pain- what affects the amount and type of pain | changes in tumor size /w tx or lack or response to Tx, therapies to treat cancer |
| Nx: Dx: ineffective protection- what are early s/s of infection | fever, SnS response (increased pulse, R) |
| Nx: Dx: ineffective protection- why should WBCs be monitored frequently when bone marrow is suppressed | b/c BM suppression decreases WBC |
| Nx: Dx: ineffective protection- why should skin be protected and remain intact | it is the first line of defense against infection |
| Nx: Dx: ineffective protection- what vitemin should be consumed | vit C, it can prevent certain infections |
| Nx: Dx: ineffective protection- s/s of bleeding | bleeding gums, blood in V, blood in stool and urine, vag bleeding, prolonged bleeding from puncture site, neuro and mental status change, C/o abdominal pain, diminished BS |
| Nx: Dx: ineffective protection- diagnostic procedures (eg biopsy, blood lumbar puncture) shouldn't be done if platelet count is < _______ | 50,000 |
| Nx: Dx: ineffective protection- why should forceful blowing of nose, coughing and sneezing and staining to have a BM be avoided | they can increase the risk for bleeding |
| Nx Dx: imbalanced Nutrition < bod require: why are icy cold and highly seasoned dishes suggested | chemo and rad may harm taste bud, these make foods mroe enjoyable |
| Nx Dx: impaired tissue integrity: oral MM: nursing care for it | cleen teech gently w/ soft toothbrush, non alcohol based mouth rinse, |
| what is xerostomia | excessive dryness of the oral mm |
| colorectal cancer: what is it | malignancy of the colon or rectum |
| colorectal cancer: second leading cause of what | cancer deaths in western society |
| colorectal cancer: cause | unknown |
| colorectal cancer: risk factors | age over fifty, fam Hx of it, polyps of rectum or colon, inflam. bowel disease, smoking alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, obesity, high sat fat, low fiber, inaduquate fruit and veggie intake |
| colorectal cancer: most begin as what | polyps |
| colorectal cancer: what are polyps | benign precancerous lesions in the large intestines |
| colorectal cancer: is it usually detected as it grows | no |
| colorectal cancer: where does it grow | in rectum or sigmoid colon |
| colorectal cancer: by the time s/s have occured, how far has it spread | into deep layers of the bowel and ajacent organs |
| colorectal cancer: metastisis to where is common | regional lymph nodes, areas of peritoneal cavity, liver, gU tract |
| colorectal cancer: does it grow fast or slow; how long does it grow before s/s occur | slow, 5-15 years |
| colorectal cancer: what do manis depend on | tumor location, type and extent of tumor, complications |
| colorectal cancer: what usually prompt client to seek care | bleeding with defecation |
| colorectal cancer: s/s | bleeding with defecation, change in bowel habits, pain, anorexia, wt loss, palpable abdomen, rectal mass |
| colorectal cancer: s/s- why could pt have anemai | because of occult bleeding |
| colorectal cancer: the prognosis of it depends of what | the stage of the disease during Dx |
| colorectal cancer: survival rate is __ | > 1/2 survive 10 years |
| colorectal cancer: what is the primary complications of it | bowel obstruction due to tumor growth |
| colorectal cancer: why is routine screeing recommended after age of 50 | b/c it is often a silent disease andtx at early stafe has a hgih cure rate |
| colorectal cancer: what does the screening consist of | annual digital rectal exam and fecal occult blood test, sigmoid oscopy q 5 years, colonoscpy q 10 years |
| colorectal cancer: who will get screened more frequeantly | ppl with IBD, hx of polyps, strong family Hx of colorectal cancer |
| colorectal cancer: diagnostic tests- why is a barium enema done | it may detect the presence and location of a tumor |
| colorectal cancer: diagnostic tests- why is a sigmoid/ colonoscopy done | to detect and visualize tumors and collect tissue for biopsy |
| colorectal cancer: diagnostic tests- why is a CBC done | to eval for anemia |
| colorectal cancer: diagnostic tests- carcinoebryonic antigen why is that done | it is a protein found in this cancer, levels will be elevated, used to predict prognosis |
| colorectal cancer: diagnostic tests- why is a chest xray done | to detect tumors matastasis to lung |
| colorectal cancer: what will tumor look like | raised, red, centrally uncerated, bleeding lesions |
| colorectal cancer: nursing care for a colonoscopy | liquid diet for 1-2 days, NPO 8 hours b4, sedation as ordered, explain procedure takes 30 min to one hour, if polyp is removed no heavy lifting for 7 days and avoid high fiber for 1-2 days |
| colorectal cancer: surgery- what is the treatment of choice | surgical resection of the tumor, adjacent colon, and regional lymph nodes |
| colorectal cancer: surgery- what can be removed with laser | small localized tumors |
| colorectal cancer: surgery- most undergo what type of surgery | colectomy |
| colorectal cancer: surgery- what is a colectomy | surgical resection of the colon with anastomosis of remaining bowel |
| colorectal cancer: surgery- whenever possible what is reserved; what is avoided | the anal sphincter; a colonostomy |
| colorectal cancer: surgery- tumors of the abdomin require what | an abdominoperineal resection |
| colorectal cancer: surgery- what is an abdominoperineal resection | the sigmoid colon, rectum and anus are removed through both abdominal and perineal incisions, a permenent coloscpy is created |
| colorectal cancer: surgery- why is a colonoscopy created | for healing or if bowel is obstructed by the tumor |
| colorectal cancer: surgery- what is a double barrel colonoscopy | two stomas are createdto allow for bowel healing, temporary, |
| colorectal cancer: surgery- what is often used in conjunction | radiation and chemotherapy |
| colorectal cancer: low residue diet guidlines | refined flours, gellos, puddings, ice cream, juices and strained fruits, bananas, roasted baked or broied meats, peeled potatoes white rice, cooked or canned veggies, coffe, tea, crean and gravy |
| colorectal cancer: why might they experience pain | from surgical incision, phantom rectal pain, and tumors pressing on nerves and other organs |
| Lymphoma cancer: what are malignant lymphomas | the are cancerous tumors of lymphoid tissue. |
| Lymphoma cancer: what are malignant lymphomas charecterized by | lymphocyte proliferation and pregressive, painless enlargement of the lymph nodes |
| Lymphoma cancer: how are they classified | hodgkins and non hodgkins |
| Lymphoma cancer: hodgkins disease- is it curable | yes |
| Lymphoma cancer: hodgkins disease- what is it | painless, progressive enlargement of one or more lymph nodes and the presence ofreed sernber cells in the affected node |
| Lymphoma cancer: hodgkins disease- what age group , med or women | 15-35, and over 50 yo, med > WM |
| Lymphoma cancer: hodgkins disease- cause | unknown |
| Lymphoma cancer: hodgkins disease- what virus is it linked to | the epstein-barr virus |
| Lymphoma cancer: hodgkins disease- what nodes are first effected | the ones in the neck or above the clavicle |
| Lymphoma cancer: hodgkins disease- if untreated how does it spread | via the lymphatic system to nodes throughout the body |
| Lymphoma cancer: hodgkins disease- most common s/s | enlarged and non painful lymph nodes |
| Lymphoma cancer: hodgkins disease- s/s | painless enlarged lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, pruritus, wt loss, fatigue, malaise |
| Lymphoma cancer: non- hodgkins disease- is it more or less common than hodgkins | more |
| Lymphoma cancer: non- hodgkins disease- how is it unlike hodgkins | multiple lymph nodes and lymphatic systems and body tissues are effected |
| Lymphoma cancer: non- hodgkins disease- who does it occur in | older adults, suppressed immune systems |
| Lymphoma cancer: non- hodgkins disease- what is the first s/s of it | enlarged lymph nodes |
| Lymphoma cancer: non- hodgkins disease- other s/s | abdominal pain, N/V, bloody diarhea |
| Lymphoma cancer: non- hodgkins disease- involvement of other organs leads to what s/s | s/s of UTI or obstruction, neurological s/s, SOB, cough and chest pain |
| Lymphoma cancer: non- hodgkins disease- systematic s/s | wt loss, fatigue, and night sweats |
| Lymphoma cancer: non- hodgkins disease- what is the prognosis | not good |
| Lymphoma cancer: non- hodgkins disease- diagnostic tests - why are a chest xray and a ct scan done | to identify large lymph nodes |
| Lymphoma cancer: non- hodgkins disease- how is the Dx made | by a biopsy of tissue from the enlarged lymph nodes or tissue mass |
| Lymphoma cancer: what one has reed-sternberg cells hodgkins or nonhodgkins | hodgkins |
| Lymphoma cancer: what is used to stage the extent of the disease of both hodgkins and non hodgkins | the ann arbor staging system |
| Lymphoma cancer: the ann arbor staging system- what does it do | used to determine the extent and severity of the disease and to estimate the prognosis. it uses the number ans location of the involved lymph nodes to stage the disease |
| Lymphoma cancer: what is stage one | only one lymph node region, lymph node organ, or site outside the lymphatic system is involved |
| Lymphoma cancer: what are stage 2 and 3 used to identify | additional lymph node regions, organs, or extralymphati sites. |
| Lymphoma cancer: what is stage 4 | widely spread disease |
| Lymphoma cancer: what does an A indication for classificaion; a B | no systemic manis; presence of systemic s/s (fever, night sweats, wt loss) |
| Lymphoma cancer: chemo- what one is it used for | both |
| Lymphoma cancer: chemo ressult's in _______% complete remission with pt who has hodgkin's who have no systemic manis | 75% |
| Lymphoma cancer: rad. therapy- what one is it used for | both |
| Lymphoma cancer: what is the primary Tx for early hodgkins | rad therapy |
| Lymphoma cancer: what is the tx for later stages of nonhodkins | rad and chemo |
| Lymphoma cancer: why is pt at risk for impaired skin integrity | b/c pruritus and night sweats increase the risk for skin legions |
| lung cancer- what is it the leading cause of | cancer deaths |
| lung cancer- prognosis | grim, most die w/ in the first year of Dx |
| lung cancer- #1 cause of it | smoking |
| lung cancer- the more the person smokes the the greater the ________ for it | risk |
| lung cancer- other risk factors besides smoking | radiation exposure and inhaled irritants |
| lung cancer- where do most primary lung tumors arise | in the cells lining the airways |
| lung cancer- how do the tumors differ | by cell type, incidence, presentation and manner of sread |
| lung cancer- charecteristics of it | agreesive, locally invasive, and metastasize widely |
| lung cancer- what do the tumors begin as | mucosal legions that grow to obstruct the bronchi or invade adjacent tissue |
| lung cancer- how do they spread to invade other organs | via lymph system |
| lung cancer- initial s/s are often blamed on what | smoking or chronic bronchitis |
| lung cancer- this cancer produces what substances that cause indirect s/s | hormone like |
| lung cancer- what are the hormone like substances known as | paraneoplastic s/s |
| lung cancer- local s/s | cough, hemoptysis, wheezing anad dyspnea, chest pain, horseness, dysphagia, |
| lung cancer- general s/s | anorexia, wt loss, fever |
| lung cancer- paraneoplastic s/s | fluid and lyte imbalance, cushings syndrome, peripheral neuropathy, muscle weakness, thromboplebitis, anemia, disseminated IV coagulation |
| lung cancer- s/s of brain metastisis | confusion, impaired balance, HA, personality changes |
| lung cancer- s/s of bone met | bone pain, Fx, spinal cord compression |
| lung cancer- s/s of liver met | jaundice, anorexia, URQ pain |
| lung cancer- what is superior vena cava syndrome | partial or complete obstruction of the superior vena cava |
| lung cancer- superior vena cava syndrome- s/s of it | edema of neck and face, HA, dizziness,vision changes, syncope, veins of upper chest and neck are dilated, skin is flushed or cyonotic |
| lung cancer- what can cause the dyspnea | larngeal edema |
| lung cancer- what is the primary goal | prevention of it |
| lung cancer- diagnostic test: what will a chest xray show | the first evidence of lung cancer |
| lung cancer- diagnostic test: why is a CT used | to eval tumor size and location |
| lung cancer- meds: what is the primary tx | combo of chemo and rad or surgery |
| lung cancer- meds: why are bronchodilators ordered | to reduce airway obstruction |
| lung cancer- surgery: it is the only real chance for ________ in most lung cancers | cure |
| lung cancer- surgery: goal of it | to remove all tumor cells, and involved lymph nodes |
| lung cancer- surgery: the type of surgery depends on what | the location and size of the tumor |
| lung cancer- surgery: what is perserved | as much functional lung as possible |
| lung cancer- surgery: what is a thoracotmoy | incision into the chest wall |
| lung cancer- surgery: what assessment do you want to do frequently after surgery | resp assessment |
| lung cancer- surgery: chest tube drainage- notify the MD when drainage exceeds > ________ ml | 70, bright red, warm and free flowing |
| lung cancer- surgery: why is rad therapy done before surgery | to shrink the tumors |
| lung cancer- what is used to treat superior vena cava syndrome | rad therapy |
| lung cancer- what is a frequant complication of it; why | pleural effusion; as fluid collects the lungs cannot fully expand and ventilation is impaired |
| lung cancer- what is done to remove excess fluid in a pleural effusion | a thoracentesis |
| lung cancer- when is suctioning needed | if pt is unable to clear secretions on their own by coughing |
| lung cancer- why may pt have activity intolerance | due to loss of functional lung tissue b/c of tumor or surgery |
| lung cancer- s/s of activity intolerance | tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea, fatigue w/ activities |
| brain tumors- what are they | abnormal growth w/in the cranium |
| brain tumors- cause | unknown |
| brain tumors- what increases the incidence | exposure to chemicals and radiation |
| brain tumors- what age group | any 50-70highest among young children and adults > 50-70 |
| brain tumors- what are the classified as | beign or malignant, based on the tissue type and charectercell |
| brain tumors- how can the term benign be misleading | b/c although it is benign, it may be inassessible w/ surgery or it can press on vital center |
| brain tumors- what do malignant tumors do | they invade other areas of the brain and eventually lead to death |
| brain tumors- what is a primary tumor | they develop from cells and structures w/ in the brain |
| brain tumors- what is a secondary tumor | they develop in areas outside the brain and metastisize in the brain |
| brain tumors- s/s of frontal lobe tumor | personality changes, inappropriate behavior, impaired jugdement, inability to concentrate, recent memory loss, motor deficits, expressive ephasia, seizures |
| brain tumors- s/s of a parietal lobe tumor | sensory perceptual deficits, seizures |
| brain tumors- s/s of a temporal lobe tumor | psychomotor seizures, receptive aphasia |
| brain tumors- s/s of occipital lobe seizures | visual deficits, HA |
| brain tumors- what do tumors do to the brain tissue | they invade, displace and destroy brain tissue |
| brain tumors- what happens when the brain fails to compensate for increased volume? | IICP develops |
| brain tumors- local s/s are related to what | the location and function of that specific site |
| brain tumors- why may one C/o of dizziness | tumors can press on cerebral blood vessels, decreasing their blood supply |
| brain tumors- general manis | HA that is worse in the AM, N/V, changes in mental functioning, seizures |
| brain tumors- what types of Tx | rad, chemo and surgery |
| brain tumors- why is a CT done | to locate and define the size of the tumor |
| brain tumors- when is an ECG done | only if seizures are present |
| brain tumors- why would a cerebral angiogram be done | to measure cerebral blood flow |
| brain tumors- meds: what is a ommaya reservoir | it is a surgically implanted device into the lateral ventricle of the brain, it is to administer chemo |
| brain tumor- surgery: what is debulking | reduceing the size of the tumor |
| prostate cancer: what ethnicity has a higher incidence of it | AA |
| prostate cancer: what age does it occur in most | >40 yo |
| prostate cancer: risk factos | age, race,fam hix, chemical exposure, diet high in fat, high serum testosterone levels |
| prostate cancer: survival is 100% when ______ | cancer is confined to the prostate at Dx |
| prostate cancer: what type of cell is it, where does it usually arise | adenocarcinomal glandular epitherial cells |
| prostate cancer: where in the prostate gland does it usually begin | in the peripheral posterier tissue on the gland |
| prostate cancer: when the tumor obstructs the urethra it causes what | obstructed urine flow |
| prostate cancer: where does it usually spread locally | seminal vesicles or bladder |
| prostate cancer: is metastasis common | yes |
| prostate cancer: what lymph nodes are usually involved | the pelvic lymph nodes |
| prostate cancer: what bones does it usually metastisis to | pelvic bone, spinal column |
| prostate cancer: are there s/s in the early atage of prostate | no |
| prostate cancer: GU s/s | dysuria, hesitancy, reduced urinary stream, frequancy, nocturia, hematuria, erectile dysfunction, hard enlarges prostate on DRE |
| prostate cancer: MS system s/s | bone and joint pain, back pain |
| prostate cancer: Neurologic s/s | lowerextremitary weakness, bowel and bladder dysfunction |
| prostate cancer: systemic s/s | wt loss, anemia, fatigue |
| prostate cancer: compression Fx of the spine can cause loss of function where | in the bowel and bladder |
| prostate cancer: when tumors involve the bone marrow, what does that cause | anemia |
| prostate cancer: why are men screened | it is easily curable if screened early |
| prostate cancer: when should men start to be screened | after age of 50 |
| prostate cancer: diagnostic tests- DRE: what is it | it is done as a screening measure and when an enlarged prostate; in cancer it is large |
| prostate cancer: diagnostic tests- Serum PSA levels: why are these checked | they increase significantly in this |
| prostate cancer: diagnostic tests- transrectal ultrasonography: why is this done | it is used to differentiate prostate cancer from BPH |
| prostate cancer: why is hormone therapy used | to treat advanced prostate cancer, improve length abd quality of life |
| prostate cancer: how is hormone therapy accomplished | by removing the testes or by using drugs |
| prostate cancer: what is the disadvantage of hormone therapy | side effects such as loss of labido, erectile dysfunction, hot flashes, gynecomastia |
| prostate cancer: how is radiation therapy done | external beam or implants of radioactive seeds |
| prostate cancer: why is radiation therapy used | treat it, reduce size of bone metastasis, control pain, restore function in clients with advanced cancer |
| prostate cancer: surgery- what is a prostatectomy | surgical removal of the prostate gland |
| prostate cancer: what is a simple prostatectomy; what is a radical one | only prostate tissue is removed; involves removal of the prostate, prostatic capsule, seminal vesicles, and partion of the bladder neck |
| prostate cancer: prostatatectomy- what is a major complication | urinary incontinence and erectiledysfunction |
| prostate cancer: surgery- what is done to treat urinary incontinence | an artificial urinary sphincter can be surgically implanted |
| prostate cancer: what does a client need to be able to do with an artificial urinary sphincter | must be able to malipulate the pump in the scrotum and to recognize when a problem w/ the appliance occurs |
| prostate cancer: what is cryosurgery | guided by ultrasound, a cryoprobe is inserted into the tumor, the prostate tissue is destroyed by intermittent freezing and thawing |
| prostate cancer:cryosurgery- what are the risks | bladder outlet injury, urinary incontinence, impotence, rectal damage |
| prostate cancer: Nx Dx- impaired urinary elimination: why are fluids to be restricted | only at night time, to decrease urinary incontenance |
| testicular cancer: it is the most common cancer in who | men between ages 15 and 35 |
| testicular cancer: prognosis | good, cure rate of >90% |
| testicular cancer: at what age does it develop | 15-40 |
| testicular cancer: risk factors, | age, cryptorchidism (undescended testes), fam hix, race and ethnicity (US, UK,) |
| testicular cancer: at what age should men perofrm a self testicular exam | at 15 |
| testicular cancer: where does it grow | with in the testicles, and eventually replaces the normal tissue |
| testicular cancer: is usually one or both effected | one |
| testicular cancer: where does it spread to; is the spread raipd or slow | lymph, other organs, Bvs; rapid |
| testicular cancer: where are common metastasis | lungs, bone, liver |
| testicular cancer: what is the classic s/s of it | painless, hard node |
| testicular cancer: where may they have an ache | in the pelvs or scrotum |
| testicular cancer: what is stage 1; 2; 3; | confined to the testicles; includes regional lymph nodes; distant metastases |
| testicular cancer: what tumor marker is found in the blood; why are they measured after surgery | alpha-fetoprotein, human charionic gonad trapin, alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase; to help monitor the effectiveness of Tx |
| testicular cancer: why is an ultrasound of the testicle is performed | to rule out other causes of the mass |
| testicular cancer: meds- what is stage 3 treated with | a combo of surgery and chemo |
| testicular cancer: what is a radical orciectomy | surgery to remove the affected testicle and spermatic card, the primary Tx for early cancer |
| testicular cancer: whay is rad thera done | after surgery to treat cancer in the retroperitoneal lymph nodes, the most frequant site of the metastasis |
| cervical cancer: what are most related to | infection of the cervix w/ human papillomavirus |
| cervical cancer:what are risk factors | sexual experience, multiple sex partners, HIV infection, unprotected sex, smoking, poor diet |
| cervical cancer: where do most cervical cancers begin when | as changes in squamous cells of the cervix |
| cervical cancer: what happens to the cells over the years | they become more abnormal and the number of affected cells increases, develop into carcinoma in situ |
| cervical cancer: carcinoma insitu- is it localized; what happens if it is not treated | yes; it becomes invasive spreading to the underlying connective tissue |
| cervical cancer: how does it spread | by direct invasion of surrounding tissues such as vagina, bladder, restum, pelvis other organs |
| cervical cancer: are there s/s early on | no s/s |
| cervical cancer: what are s/s; what happens to these s/s as the cancer progresses | produces bleeding and leukorrhea (whitish discharge from the vagina); they increase |
| cervical cancer: what are systemic s/s | pain in back or thigh, hematuria, bloody stools, anemia, wt loss |
| cervical cancer: screening- what is used to screen for it | a PAP swear |
| cervical cancer: screening- if pap smear is abnormal what is done | it will be repeated |
| cervical cancer: why is a digene hybrid capture HPV test done | to identify for high risk strains of HPV |
| cervical cancer: Tx- for tumor limited to cervical tissue | it can be excised by laser, heated or cooled probes, or catherization |
| cervical cancer: Tx: why are radioactive implants of needles, tubes or seeds implanted into the uterine cavity | used to treat locally invasive tumors |
| cervical cancer: what is used to treat invasive legions | hysterectomy or radical hystorectomy is done or a pelvic exenteration (removal of all pelvic contents - bowell, bladder, vagina) |
| what type of lotion is not recommended for pt undergoing rad therepy | oil based lotions |
| endometrial cancer: who does it effect | older wm ages 50-70, |
| endometrial cancer: risk factor | age, early menarche, late menopause, hx of infertility, extended use of tamoxifen or estrogen therapy, obesity, Dm, whtie |
| endometrial cancer: prognosis | curable, early prognosis and Tx the 5 year survival rate exceeds 90% |
| endometrial cancer: are they slow or fast growing | slow |
| endometrial cancer: what are the tumors associated with | estrogen excess |
| endometrial cancer: how do the tumors begin | w/ endrometrial hyperplasia |
| endometrial cancer: where does tumor usually begin; then what does the tumor do | in the fundus of the uterus; it invades the muscle of the uterus, and spreads throughout the femal reporductive tract |
| endometrial cancer: how do metastasis occur | by the lymphatic and blood stream |
| endometrial cancer: what are target areas for metastisis | lungs, liver, and bone |
| endometrial cancer: what is the most common mani | abnormal menstrual bleeding after menopause, it is painless but mod-large amounts, vaginal discharge |
| endometrial cancer: what is the uterus like on a pelvic exam | it is enlarged |
| endometrial cancer: Dx by what | Hx and phys exam, D&C is performs to obtain cells for exam |
| endometrial cancer: Tx: what is the treatment of choice for primary | total abdominal hysteretomy and bilat oophorectomy (removal of uterus, fallopian tubes and both ovaries) |
| endometrial cancer: why is Rad therapy done | before surgery to shrink tumor or after to eliminate cancer cells in the lymph nodes |
| endometrial cancer: what is ordered to treat recurrent disease (med) | progesterone |
| endometrial cancer: what is the less effective therapy | chemo |
| ovarian cancer: why is it the most lethal of all gynecologic cancers | bc it is often asymptomatic |
| ovarian cancer:how bad is it usually by Dx | the disease has spread all the way beyond the ovaries |
| ovarian cancer:who is it common in | whties, than AA |
| ovarian cancer:risk factors | race, older age, early menarche, late menopause, hx of infertility, Tx of infertility w/ clomid, and personal and fam Hx of breast and ovarian cancer |
| ovarian cancer: why are there different types of ovariian cancer | bc there are different types of ovarian tissue |
| ovarian cancer: what is the most common type | epitherlial tumor |
| ovarian cancer: how do malignant tumors present | as solid masses w/ areas of necrosis and hemorrhage |
| ovarian cancer: how does it spread | by shedding cancer cells into the peritoneal cavity and by direct invasion of the bowel and bladder |
| ovarian cancer: early s/s | none |
| ovarian cancer: s/s | vague and mild, indigestion, urinary frequancy, abdominal bloating, caonstipation, pelvic pain |
| ovarian cancer:what is a late mani | and enlarge abdomin w/ ascites (collection of fluid in the abdomen) |
| ovarian cancer: diagnostic tests- CA125 what is it | a tumor marker that may be elevated in early stage |
| ovarian cancer: diagnostic tests- why is a transvaginal ultrasound done | to detct ovarian mass |
| ovarian cancer: Tx of choice | surgery (total hysterectomy, bilat salpingoophorectomy |
| ovarian cancer: what drug is used to maintain remission | paclitaxil (taxol) and chemo agent |
| Breast cancer: why is it not one disease | depends on the effected tissue, the effect of estrogen on the tumor andage of person |
| Breast cancer:what are the two most significant risk factors | gender, and age >50 |
| Breast cancer: risk factors | age, female, white, breast cancer in mom or sister, medical hx of cancer, breast changes, early menarche, late menopause, first birth after age 30, prolonged use of estrogen replacement therapy, radiation exposure, mroe than two ETOH/day, obesity, smoking |
| Breast cancer: what is it q | unregulated growth of abnormal cells in breast tissue |
| Breast cancer: how does it begin | as a single transformed cell which multiples |
| Breast cancer: what is it dependent on; it cannot develop when | hormones; in wm w/o functioning ovaries who ahve never received estrogen preplacement therapy |
| Breast cancer: where do most tumors occur | in the ductal areas of the breast |
| Breast cancer: how are the classified | invasive or non |
| Breast cancer: s/s : who discovers it | pt |
| Breast cancer: s/s - what does pt find | a small, hard, painless lump |
| Breast cancer: s/s- where is the mass usually found | in the upper outer quadrant of the breast |
| Breast cancer: s/s | lump, chagne in size or shape of the breast, nipple discharge, breast pain, dimpling, pulling in area, persistant skin rash near nipple, flaking or eruption near nipple, unusual lumo |
| Breast cancer: screening- what does it include | self exam, clincal breast exam, mammohrapgy |
| Breast cancer: screening- when should Self exam start | at age 20 |
| Breast cancer: screening- when should clinal exam be done | q 3 ys, starting at 20yo |
| Breast cancer: when should mammography be doen | baseline between age 40-49, annually after 50 |
| Breast cancer: what fruit may the skin look like | an orange peel |
| Breast cancer: why is an ultrasound used | to localize and distinguish between solid and cystic massses |
| Breast cancer: why is a cytologic exam done | done with the fluid from the nipple discharge many reveal the presence of cancer cells |
| Breast cancer: meds: what is used to prevent or delay reoccurance cancer | systemic therapy- tamoxifen, chemo in |
| Breast cancer: when is chemo used | when lymph nodes in the axilla are involed |
| Breast cancer: when is rad done | following surgery ot destroy any remaining cancer cells |
| Breast cancer: what is the tx of choice if it has not metastasized | surgery (mastectomy, breast conserving surgery, remove lymhph nodes, |
| Breast cancer: what is the difference between a radical and a modified mastectomy | Radical: removal of the entire effected breast, underlying chest muscles, and lymph nodes in axillary modified: removal of breasttissue, lymph nodes and chest wall muscle is intact |
| Breast cancer: what is the focus of metastatic cancer | palliation, extending life, ensuring comfort for pt |
| why is a cancer type difficult to Dx | b/c 50% have mets bf original site is identified |
| what is the difference between prevention and early detection (ex) | prevent: quite smoking; detect: screen |
| what are tumor markers | blood tests that are able to show what is elevaetd to show if they have a certain kind of cancer , not conclusive |
| Tmor marker: CEA- what type of cancer | clon, liver, pancreas, breast |
| Tumor marker: CA 125, what type of cancer | ovarian |
| Tmor marker: PSA what type of cancer | prostate |
| rad therapy: what happens to the skin | dry peeling itching, blister, fistula, necrosis, infection increased RF |
| rad therapy: skin care for rad therapy | NO OTC lotion, no powder, deoderant, avoid sun to Tx area for one year after, no alcohol products, no heat or ice, mild soap rinse thoroughly |
| chemo adverse effects- nursing considerations for low platelets | don't bump them, no injections, no rectal thermometers, be careul with BP, do manual BP, don't floss |
| chemo adverse reactions- ways to prevent infection | neutropenic precautions, no roomate, no fruits, no one sick |
| normal WBc count | 5-10,000 |
| normal platelet count | 140,000-400,000 |
| platelet normal for chemo pt | 70,000 |
| RBC normal | 4-5.5 |
| Hgb normal | 12-16 |
| Hct normal | 35-47 |
| chemo adverse effects: gi issues (anorexia N/V)- nursing considerations | high protein diet, high call, avoid greasy, spicy, sweet, small frequent feedings, antiemetics, avoid too many fluids, |
| chemo adverse effects: mucositis (stomatitis)- nursing considerations | increase fluids, ice chips, candy and gum, assess mouth q shift, soft toothbrush, Ns rinse ,baking soda, no ETOH, lip balm, peridex solution, |
| meds: neupogen : class | clony stimulating factors (CSF) |
| meds: neupogen : use | cancer, stimulate bone marrow |
| meds: neupogen : action | act on the hematopoietic cells to stimulate proliferation and maturation of WBCs |
| meds: neupogen : what is a s/s that it is working | an increase of WBcs |
| med: procrit/ EPO (erythropoietin): use | anemias assoc. chronic kidney disease, cancer pt, |
| med: procrit/ EPO (erythropoietin): adverse effects | HTn, hypotension, Ha, D, N/V, myalgia, arthralgia, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest |
| med: procrit/ EPO (erythropoietin): action | stimulates production of RBCs |
| breast cancer: mastectomy: nursing care for it | Cand DB, care of bulb suction, pain control, mobility exercises, caution with heavy lifting, body image, prosthesis, drainage, report fever pain fluid accumulation in axilla, no constricting sleeves, elevate arm on pilliw, ROM of arm |
| breast cancer: prevention of Lymphedema | No BP or venapuncture, elevate affected arm, measure arm, avoid insect bites, no massage, avoid heavy lifting |
| cervical cancer :prevention- what vaccine is given to girls for HPV | the gardasil vaccine |
Created by:
jmkettel
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