Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Fund Nurs 4
Fundamentals of Nursing Test 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nutrition | The study of nutrients and how they are handled by the body |
| What esle relates to nutrition? 3 examples | The impact of human behavior and environment. Physiology, psychology, socioeconomics |
| Nutrients | Biochemical substances used by the body |
| Macronutrients | Essential nutrients which supply energy and build tissue |
| Essential nutrients | not synthesized in the body or they are made in insufficient amounts |
| 4 types of macronutrients | Carbohydrates, fats, protein, water |
| Micronutrients | Required in smaller amounts to regulate and controll body processes |
| 2 types of micronutrients | Vitamins and minerals |
| 2 general classes of nutrients | Energy nutrients and regulatory nutrients |
| 3 types of energy nutrients | Carbohydrates, fats, proteins |
| 3 types of regulatory nutrients | Vitamins, minerals, water |
| Energy is measures in? AKA | Kilocalories AKA calories |
| Weight gain, weight loss, and stable weight | Calorie intake > energy expended = weight gain Calorie intake < energy expended = weight loss Calorie intake = energy expended = stable weight |
| Basal metabolism | Energy needed to carry on involuntary activities at rest |
| muscle mass and basal metabolism | The larger the bodies muscle mass the higher the basal metabolism |
| Energy is measures in? AKA | Kilocalories AKA calories |
| Weight gain, weight loss, and stable weight | Calorie intake > energy expended = weight gain Calorie intake < energy expended = weight loss Calorie intake = energy expended = stable weight |
| Basal metabolism | Energy needed to carry on involuntary activities at rest |
| muscle mass and basal metabolism | The larger the bodies muscle mass the higher the basal metabolism |
| basal metabolism and energy requirements | the basal metabolism is about half the daily energy requirements |
| Body Weight Standard | Rule of thumb guideline for Ideal Body Weight IBW based on height and gender |
| IBW formula for women | 100 lbs for height of 5 feet + 5 lbs for every inch over 5 feet |
| IBW formula for men | 106 lbs for height of 5 feet + 6 lbs for every inch over 5 feet |
| Body Mass Index formula | Weight in pounds/ height in inches squared time 703 = BMI |
| Which perameter for weight is considered to be the most precise? | BMI |
| What is considered overweight in BMI? Obese? | 25 = overweight 30 = obese |
| Method of calculating calorie requirement? | 1 calculate BMR Multiply your weight by 10 for women and 11 for men 2 Multiply your BMR by your activity level 1.2 sedentary 1.3 light activity 1.4 moderate activity 1.5 heavy activity |
| Carbohydrates- 2 types, elements, converted to?, should provide what % of calories? | 1) Sugars and starches 2) Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen 3) converted to glucose in the liver 4) should provide 50-60 % of calories |
| Protein- building blocks, elements, use for | 1) amino acids are building blocks 2) composed of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen 3) Required for all body structures and healing |
| Complete proteins | contain sufficient amounts and proportions of all the essential amino acids to support growth |
| 2 sources of complete proteins | Animal proteins and soy |
| Incomplete proteins | Deficient in one or more amino acids, they must be eaten with another incomplete protein to make a complete protein |
| Fats- in water, elements, most are, % of calorie intake | insoluble in water, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, 95% are triglycerides, no more than 30% of calorie intake |
| Saturated fats- hydrogen, source, cholesterol | Have more hydrogen than unsaturated, found in animals, tend to raise serum cholesterol |
| Unsaturated fats- hydrogen, source, cholesterol | Less hydrogen, found in vegtables, tend to lower serum cholesterol |
| Cholesterol is only found in? | Animals |
| How many essential amino acids are there? | 9 |
| What are essential amino acids? | Amino acids that the body needs and can't produce |
| How much protein is required? For average man? for average women? | 0.8 g /kg per day. 56 g for a woman. 63 g for a man |
| How does the protein need change under stress? | It increases |
| What is a transfat? | Occurs when manufacturers partially hydregenate liquid oils so that they become more solid. Raises serum cholesterol. Very bad for you |
| BMR per hour for men and women | 1 cal/kg body weight for men 0.9 cal/kg body weight for women |
| the body converts carbohydrates to ? | Glucose |
| What organ stores glucose and regulates its entry into the blood? | The liver |
| RDA | recommended daily allowance |
| Ketosis | An abnormal accumulation of ketone bodies associated with a low intake of carbohydrates |
| The RDA recommends Carbohydrates provide what percent of the bodies calories? | 45-65% |
| Number of amino acids | 22 |
| What element does amino acids contain that carbohydrates do not? | nitrogen |
| Protein is broken down into amino acids how? | By pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine |
| Amino acids in the liver | recombined into new proteins and released into the bloodstream |
| Catabolism | Breaking down tissue |
| Anabolism | Building body tissue |
| What measures the difference between catabolism and anabolism? | nitrogen balance. Positive equals growth, Negavtive equals loss of tissue |
| What remains after protein has been metabolized? | Nitrogen |
| Location of fat digestion | Small intestine |
| How much saturated fat and cholesterol should a person take in in a day? | Less than 10% of calories in saturated fat. less than 300mg of cholesterol |
| Vitamens | Oraganic componds needed by the body in small amounts |
| Function of vitamens in the body | They are needed to facilitate thousand of chemical activities in the body including the metabolism of energy nutrients |
| Classification of vitamens 2 | Fat soluble and water soluble |
| Water soluble - 2 examples, how stored and result | C and B complex. Not stored in the body. A deficiency may develope quickly if they are not ingested daily |
| Fat soluble vitamens- 4 examples, how stored, 1 potential problem | A,D,E,K Stored in the body. Excessive intake of A and D is toxic |
| Minerals | Inorganic elements needed by the body |
| Where in the body are minerals found? | body fluids and tissues |
| What are macro minerals? | Minerals which are needed in quantities of more than 100 mg a day. |
| Three examples of macro minerals | Calcium, phoshorus, magnisium |
| Micro minerals | Need less than 100 mg per day |
| 4 examples of micro minerals | Iorn, zinc, manganese, iodine |
| Water is what percent of an adults body weight | 50- 60% |
| How do infants and older adults compare to adults in percent body water? | Infants have more, older adults have less |
| what percent of body water belongs to each of the two major groups? | 2/3 intracellular 1/3 intracellular |
| Relationship between intercellular fluid and body mass | ICF increases with body mass |
| RDA d. established for all? | Recommended Dietary Allowance- The average amounts considered to be adequate : Has not be established for all nutrients |
| Five illnesses which may be less likely to occur with the proper diet? | Diebetes, some cancers, heart disease, obesity, high blood pressure |
| How does the RDA differ from a requirement? | A requirement is the minimum amount needed to prevent a deficiency. the RDA has a safety factor built in for individual variance |
| the RDA is designed for (populations/ individuals) | populations |
| Who developed MyPyramid Food Guide | The U.S. department of Agriculture |
| What was the food pyramid designed to represent? | To represent the total diet and provide a foundation for health |
| Food pyramid and culture | Can be culturally sensitive |
| 6 groups in the food pyramid with daily amounts for each | Grain- 6 oz, Meat and Beans- 5.5 oz, Milk 3 cups, vegetables 2.5 cups, fruit 2 cups, oils (small amount) |
| 1990 labeling and regulation act regulates 4 | Labeling, serving sizes, descriptions, health claims |
| Gender and nutrition 2 differences | 1 men have more muscle mass and need more calories and protein 2 Women may need more iorn |
| Obesity 2 definitions | Body weight 20% above ideal body weight or BMI of 30 |
| Anorexia d. causes | A lack of appetite caused by physical disease of psychosocial causes |
| Amount of overweight and obsese American adults | 2/3 rds are overweight, 30% are obese |
| 3 ways alcohol abuse affects nutrition | 1) damage to intestinal mucosa may interfer with nutrient absorption 2) May impair nutrient storage 3) Damage to liver |
| Economic impact of nutrition wealthy and poor | Wealthy people eat more meat, poor people eat more grains |
| Wht percent of American school children are overweight? | 15 % |
| two major types of nursing diagnoses for nutritional problems | 1 Imbalanced nutrition as the problem 2 Imbalanced nutrition as the etiology |
| For the greatest chance of success with a diet | tailor dieting instruction to the individuality of the patient |
| The second best way of feeding a patient (second to oral) | Enteral feeding |
| Enteral feeding | Administer nutrients directly into the stomach |
| Short term enteral feeding example with problem | 1) Nasogastric tube (through nose into stomach) patient at risk for aspirating tube into lungs |
| Long ter enteral feeding example How insterted | PEG Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy inserted by surgery |
| Economic impact of nutrition wealthy and poor | Wealthy people eat more meat, poor people eat more grains |
| Wht percent of American school children are overweight? | 15 % |
| two major types of nursing diagnoses for nutritional problems | 1 Imbalanced nutrition as the problem 2 Imbalanced nutrition as the etiology |
| For the greatest chance of success with a diet | tailor dieting instruction to the individuality of the patient |
| The second best way of feeding a patient (second to oral) | Enteral feeding |
| Enteral feeding | Administer nutrients directly into the stomach |
| Short term enteral feeding example with problem | 1) Nasogastric tube (through nose into stomach) patient at risk for aspirating tube into lungs |
| Long ter enteral feeding example How insterted | PEG Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy inserted by surgery |
| parenteral nutrition | Nutrition is administered by an IV, it bypasses the digestive system |
| The skin of older adults 5 | 1) Thin 2) Less elasticity 3) decreased sweat gland activity 4) grey hair 5) nails thicken |
| 3 times when antipersperants and deorerants are contrindicated | 1) Before a mammogram 2) postop for a mastectomy (removal of the breast) 3) if they cause skin irritation |
| What % of body weight is water in an infant? | 70% |
| Three groups which have a lower amount of water and more fat? | Females, elderly, and the obese |
| 3 types of extracellular fluid with definitions and percentages of body weight | Intravascular (in veins)4% body weight interstitial (intercellular fluid) 15 % body weight, transcellular (in pericardial fluid and synovial fluid)1% body weight |
| Total amount of fluid ingested per day and broken down by three categories | 2600 mL total, 1300 mL by fluid, 1000 mL by food, 300 mL by metabolic processes |
| Total amount of fluid lost per day and broken down by five categories | 2600 mL total, 1500 mL urine, 100 mL feces, 300 mL persperation, 300mL evaporation from the skin, 400 mL exhilation from the lungs. |
| Osmotic pressure depends on | The number of particles, not their weight |
| Filtration movement occurs from where to where | Areas of high hydrostatic pressure to areas of low hydrostatic pressure |
| Water moves between the vascular and interstitial compartments through the semi-permeable capillary membranes depending on (2) | Hydrostaic push of filtration and osmotic pull |
| Electrolytes and osmotic pressure | Electrolytes contribute to osmotic pressure of fluid |
| Hydrostatic pressure, Osmotic pressure, and capillaries | Hydrostatic pressure is greatest at the arteriolar end of the capillary (fluid is pushed into the interstitial tissue by filtration) Osmotic pressure is greatest at the venous end of teh capillary where fluid is pulled back into the capillary |
| Sodium concentrations near cells Where found? What is its tendency? | Sodium concentrations are higher in interstitial fluid. It tends to enter the cell by diffusion. |
| Sodium-potassium pump-functions and mechanism | Uses active transport to move sodium out of the cell and move potassium into the cell. |
| Kidneys- Amount of fluid filtered, amount of urine produced | 170 L of fluid filtered, 1.7 L of urine produced |
| The kidney functions 4 | 1) ECF volume and osmolality 2) normal electrolyte levels 3) Regulates pH 4) Excretes |
| The kidney regulates ECF | 1) Regulates ECF volume and osmolality (solute concentration) by selective retention and excretion of body fluids |
| The kidney regulates electrolyte levels | The kidney regulates normal electrolyte levels in the ECF by selective retention and excretion |
| The kidney regulates pH | The kidney regulates pH of the ECF by retention of Hydrogen ions |
| The kidney and excretion | The kidney excretes metabolic waste and toxic substances |
| Heart and urine formation | The heart pumps blood through the kidney with enough force to form urine |
| Lungs and homeostastis | The lungs regulate pH |
| Hyperventilation results in loss of what? How does it affect the pH? | Loss of CO2; pH increases and becomes more alkaline |
| ADH and osmotic pressure | ADH maintains osmotic pressure by controlling the retention and excretion of water by the kidneys |
| Aldosterone and electrolyte levels | Inrease aldosterone results in increases of Na+ (and water retention) and loss of k+ |
| Dehydration and heart reate | Dehydration = decreased heart rate |
| Baroreceptors and heart rate | Baroreceptors detect changes in pressure in the blood vessels; decreased stimulation (decreased blood volume) results in decreased stimulation of sympathetic nervous system and increase heart rate |
| Angiotensin II causes 3 | Vasoconstriction, increased arterial perfusion pressure (filtration pressure), and increased thirst |
| ADH and urine concentration | ADH controls the retention and excretion of water by the kidneys; it is the most important factor in determining whether urine is concentrated or diluted |
| Osmoreceptors and ADH | When osmotic pressure increases (higher sodium concentrations, lower amount of water) the receptors stimulate the release of ADH |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)actions | decreases blood pressure and volume |
| 12 assessments for fluid status | 1) history of fluid loss 2) Confusion 3) Generalized weakness 4) Vital signs 5) I and O 6) Daily weights 7) lung sounds 8) oral cavity 9) peripheral vein refilling 10)temperature and color of extremities 11) pitting edema 12) Skin turgor |
| When assessing peripheral vein refilling,color should... | return to normal in 3 to 5 seconds |
| What to watch for in vital signs? | orthostatic hypotention (low blood pressure upon standing) |
| pounds to Liter conversion | 2.2 lb = 1 L |
| I and O concern | If less that 50 ml per hour for 2 hours then do an hourly output check |
| Weights proceedure | Weigh at same time of day with similar clothes at same scale |
| Assess for skin turgor | Pinch skin and wait for return |
| Assess for pitting edema | push in at edema 2mm = 1+, 4mm = 2+, 6mm = 3+, 8mm = 4+ |
| Plasma values for electrolytes are measured 2 | milliequivalents per liter mEq/L, or milligrams per deciliter mg/dL |
| Conversion of mEq/L to mg/dL | mEq/L time 1.2 = mg/dL |
| milliequivalent is a unit of | chemical activity not weight |
| Electrolytes impact | electrical impulses in nerves and muscles |
| Where are electrolyte levels usually measured? | In blood plasma |
| Normal electrolyte values and variance | What is considered normal for an electrolyte value will differ slightly from one lab to another |
| Sodium- usual location, diffusion, active transport | Sodium is usually found in larger quantities in the ECF (interstitial and vascular fluids). It diffuses into the intracellular fluid and is pumped out by the sodium potassium pump through active transport |
| Sodium transport between the interstitial fluid and vascular fluid | Occurs through diffusion |
| Sodium cations bind with 2 | Cloride and bicarbonate |
| Most calcium in the body is found? | 99% is in the bones and teeth. the rest is extracellular |
| Decreased calcium chain of events | dec. calcium- increased Parathyroid hormone- dec. excretion of Ca+, increased bone resorption of Ca+, increased GI absorption of Ca+- Restored normal Ca+ levels |
| Increase Ca+ chain of events | inc. Ca++ - dec. PTH - Inc. urinary Ca++, dec. bone resorption, dec. GI absorption - restored Ca++ levels |
| Three eletrolytes which are important to monitor together | Ca++, K+, Mg++ |
| Chloride can exchange places with what anion? | Bicarbonate |
| Acid base balance in blood | Death by acidosis less than 6.8; Acidosis 6.8 to 7.35; Normal blood pH 7.35-7.45; Alkalosis 7.45-7.8; death by alkalosis over 7.8 |
| Bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio | 20 parts bicarbonate = 1 part carbonic acid |
| Acid-base balance of the body can be determined by 2 | arterial blood gases and the anion gap |
| The anion gap d. | Is an approximation of unmeasured anions in plasma |
| A high anion gap means? | Acidosis |
| Values for; normal anion gap, normal anion gap acidosis, high anion gap acidosis | 8-12 mEq/L, 16mEq/L - 30 mEq/L, 30mEq/L or more |
| Clinical manifestations of acidosis 7 | headache, confusion, drowsyness, inc. rate and depth of respirations, nausea and vomitting |
| Body has a slight tendency toward (alkalosis/acidosis) Why? | Acidosis. The body is constantly producing carbonic acid (H2CO3) and other metabolic acids |
| Three mechanisms which for acid produced as byproducts of metabolism (in the order they respond) | Buffer system, Respiratory system, and kidneys |
| Control of serum pH; buffer system | Prevent major changes in pH of body fluids by removing or releasing H+ |
| The body's major buffer system; how is it assessed; ratios | Sodium Bicarbonate-Carbonic acid system; assessed in arterial blood gases; normal ratio is 20 bicarbonate to 1 carbonic acid. If this ratio is changed then pH will change |
| Three minor buffer systems | Phosphates, proteins, and hemoglobin systems |
| How does the respiratory system regulate acid-base balance? | In acidosis, repiratory rates increase, CO2 is dumped, and acid load is removed, pH goes up. In alkalosis, repiratory rate is slowed, CO2 is retained, blood acid is increased, pH goes down |
| Kidneys and acid base regulation 2 ways. how effective | 1) can produce and absorb bicarbonate ions 2) Can modify H+ excretion rates ; most effective means to control acid-base balance, but the slowest |
| Bicarbonate is an (acid/base) | Base |
| Buffer systems are a combination of: | A weak acid and its alkaline salt |
| What do the buffer systems react with? | Any acids or alkali added to the blood |
| How is acid-base status assessed? | By measuring carbonic acid- bicarbonate rations in the arterial blood gases |
| What controls bicarbonate-carbonic buffer system? | The respiratory system and kidneys |
| Carbonic acid- chemical formula, pH, formed how? | H2CO3, acidic, arises from the combination of CO2 and H2O |
| Bicarbonate- chemical formula, present with, pH | HCO3-, basic, present with sodium (sodium bicarbonate) |
| Formation of Carbonic acid 3 steps | 1) cell metabolism produces CO2 which diffused in to interstial tissue and blood 2) Reacts with H2O 3) Forms H2CO3 |
| How do the lungs process H2CO3? | They break it down to H2O + CO2, and exhale CO2 |
| How do the kidneys process H2CO3? | They break it down to HCO3- and H+. Bicarbonate is returned to the blood. H+ is excreated in the urine |
| HCO3- H2CO3 system and compensation | In order for pH to remain the same, each part of the sysem must remain at the same ratio 20:1 |
| Increases in CO2 result in what changes in the respiratory system? | An increase in respiratory rate to remove the acid (when combined with H20) from the system |
| Alkalotic changes in the body result in what changes in the respiratory system? | Decrease in respiratory rate to allow CO2 (thus H2CO3) to build up. |
| How does the renal system respond to increases in acid? | The kidneys can exchange Na+ for H+, and combine H+ with other chemicals for excretion |
| The kidneys and bicarbonate | The kidneys can provide bicarbonate for the buffer pair |
| What is the pH of the following Body Fluids? Gastric Juices, Urine, Arterial blood, Venous blood, CSF, Pancreatic fluid | GAstric juices 1.0 to 3.0; Urine 5.0 to 6.0; arterial blood 7.38-7.42; venous blood 7.37; CSF 7.32; Pancreatic fluid 7.8-8.0 |
Created by:
twininger1
Popular Nursing sets