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Neural Bases Part 3a
Neuroscience for Speech and Hearing, Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prosencephalon | divides into telencephalon: contains cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, lateral ventricles and diencephalon: contains the thalamus, hupsthalamus, 3rd ventricle |
| Mesencephalon | contains midbrain, cerebral aqueduct |
| Rhombencephalon | divides into metencephalon: contains pons, cerebellum, 4th ventricle and myelencephalon: contains medulla oblongata |
| General structures of cerebral cortex | 3-5mm thick sheet of neuronal bodies – gray matter; gyri/gyrus – the ridges; sulci/sulcus – the grooves; fissure – larger and deeper sulcus |
| Functions of Cellular Layers I-III | associational ; produce meaningful perceptual experience of the world; enable us to interact effectively, support abstract thinking and language |
| Functions of Cellular Layer IV | participates in somatosensation; production of sensory modalities – touch, temp, pain, proprioception (ability to tell where your body is in space) |
| Functions of Cellular Layer V | gives rise to descending motor tracts |
| Functions of Cellular Layer VI | sends efferent motor fibers to thalamus (relay center – what it receives from motor feedback, it determines where it sends the msg. onward) |
| Brodmann’s Area 44 | Broca’s |
| Brodmann’s Area 45 | most specific to Broca’s |
| Brodmann’s Area 4 | Primary Motor Cortex (precentral gyrus) |
| Brodmann’s Area 22 | Wernicke’s Area (superior temporal gyrus) |
| Brodmann’s Area 41, 42 | Primary Auditory Cortex (Heshl’s gyrus) |
| Brodmann’s Area 44, 45, 47 | together form the Inferior Frontal Gyrus |
| Association fibers | interconnect regions within the same hemisphere; ex: arcuate fasciculus connects Broca’s to Wernicke’s areas |
| Damage to arcuate fasciculus results in | conduction aphasia (can’t repeat is hallmark sign) |
| Commissural fibers | connect corresponding regions of the 2 separate hemispheres; ex: corpus callosum |
| Longitudinal fissure | runs anterior/posterior, separates right and left hemispheres |
| Lateral fissure (aka Sylvian fissure) | divides frontal & parietal lobes from the temporal lobe below them; longer in left hemisphere; one of earliest sulci to develop, appears at ~14wks gestation |
| Central sulcus | (aka fissure of Orlando) separates parietal from frontal |
| Transverse fissure | divides cerebellum & cerebrum |
| FRONTAL LOBE | 1 vertical gyrus: precentral gyrus; 3 horizontal gyri: superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus ; made of Brodmann’s 44, 45, 47 |
| PARIETAL LOBE | visual attention and spatial orientation, touch perception, integration of different senses that allows for understanding of a single concept |
| In the inferior parietal lobule… | the angular gyrus is important for reading |
| TEMPORAL LOBE | hearing ability and processing, memory acquisition, language comprehension, Heshl’s gyrus (primary aud. cortex) |
| Wernicke’s area | located in Temporal lobe; language association area in dominant hemisphere |
| OCCIPITAL LOBE | primary visual cortex |
| INSULAR LOBE (aka – insula, Isle of Reil) | current knowledge is minimal – functions are elusive; may play a role in the limbic system associated w/ emotion and body’s own regulation of homeostasis; may play a role in sensorimotor planning |
| LIMBIC LOBE (aks Limbic system) | arc-shaped region of cortex on medial surface of each hemisphere; gives visceral functions (respiration, heart rate), provides emotional drive, generates fight/flight response |
| cingulated gyrus | located in Limbic Lobe, responsible for anxiety & altered behavior |
| hippocampus | Located in Limbic lobe, regulates motivation, learning, & memory |
| Precentral Gyrus | the one vertical gyrus on the frontal lobe, anterior to the central sulcus |
| Primary Motor Cortex | FUNCTION: regulates fine movements of face (including speaking), arms, and legs |
| Premotor Cortex | FUNCTION: regulates the responsiveness of premotor and Broca’s areas (impt in specific motor speech disorders) |
| Prefrontal Cortex | FUNCTION: cognitive, judgment, exec. functions, decision making |
| DAMAGE to frontal lobe (esp. prefrontal cortex) | lesions here result in difficulties w/ planning, thinking, reasoning; also personality changes |
| POSTCENTRAL GYRUS location | anterior boundary of the parietal lobe |
| SUPERIOR PARIETAL LOBULE damage | results in sensory loss to contralateral half of body. |
| INFERIOR PARIETAL LOBULE damage | in dominant hemisphere results in reading difficulties b/c of angular gyrus. |
| ANGULAR GYRUS Function | important for reading |
| SUPRAMARGINAL GYRUS Function | important for reading, writing, and math |
| HESCHL’S GYRI | primary auditory cortex (Temporal Lobe); Brodmann’s 41, 42; buried in lateral sulcus and in front of insula |
| HESCHL’S GYRI Damage | partial attenuation in hearing sensitivity |
| Wernicke’s Area Damage in dominant hemisphere | fluent aphasia |
| Wernicke’s Area Damage in non-dominant hemisphere | deficits perceiving music and environmental sounds; can’t comprehend them |
| CALCARINE SULCUS | divides occipital into upper and lower operculum (?) |
| PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX | Function: vision |
| Primary Visual Cortex Damage | unilaterally: homonymous hemianopsia [one-sided blindness in both eyes; ex: rt. side of vision in BOTH eyes]; bilaterally: cortical blindness - eyeball functions okay but can’t transmit message along cortex |
| SECONDARY VISUAL CORTEX | Function: gives feedback to primary visual cortex |
| Secondary visual cortex Damage | visual agnosia, color agnosia, alexia, impaired visual memories |
| The Insula: aka – insular lobe, Isle of Reil | located deep in the lateral fissure, outlined by circular sulcus, has both short & long gyri. |
| Role of the Insula | Not a lot of info is currently known but suggestions include: it plays a role in the limbic system associated w/ emotion and body’s own regulation of homeostasis, lesion here may result in apraxia of speech, but not sure how |
| Projection fibers | can be made of both efferent and afferent nerve, connect brain to thalamus, brainstem and/or spinal cord; ex: corticospinal tract – |
| Corona radiate | major structure of projection fibers |
| Internal capsule | white matter projection fibers between cerebral cortex & medulla (brain stem); can only be seen in horizontal or coronal sections; contains corticospinal fibers & corticobulbar fibers |
Created by:
jrschwa1
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