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Oral Path 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the immune reaction designed to do? | To help the healthy body resist and defend against certain injurious agents. |
| How is the immune reaction different than the inflammatory response? | It has the capacity to remember and responds more quickly to a foreign substance that enters the body a second time. |
| What are antigens? | Foreign substances against which the immune system defends the body. (mainly proteins and are often MO's and their toxins) |
| What are antibodies? | Protein molecules that a person's immune system produces in response to antigens. |
| What are the 4 types of diseases? | 1. immune deficiency disorders 2. hypersensitivity disorders 3. autoimmune disorders 4. immune cellular proliferative disorders |
| What is the Normal Immune System Function? | -To destroy and isolate antigen-bearing injurious agents. -To learn to recognize "self" during development and does not attack own body cells -Protection is provided by two systems: cell-medicated immunity and antibody mediated (humoral) immunity |
| What are the primary white blood cells involved in the immune response and where are they derived from? | Lymphocytes from stem cells in the bone marrow |
| What are the two distinct classes of lymphocytes? | T cells (T lymphocytes) and B cells (B lymphocytes) |
| Lymphocytes are memory cells, what does that mean? | They will develop a memory for the specific antigen and will react or attack when the antigen or injurious agent reappears |
| Where do B lymphocytes reside? | In the lymph nodes |
| What are the functions of B lymphocytes? | -Travel to the site of injury -Memory cells -Differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies |
| What are the 2 types of cells that B lymphocytes turn into and what do they do? | 1. Plasma cells produce antibodies specifically directed agains the antigen 2. Memory cells retain the memory of previously encountered antigens |
| What do antibodies do? | -They circulate in the blood and percolate through tissues until they encounter the specific antigen. -They will then bind themselves to that antigen and this complex may be opsonized, agglutinated, or precipitated for inflammatory phagocytosis. |
| When the antigen-antibody complex has been opsonized, agglutinated, or precipitated for inflammatory phagocytosis, what can it lead to? | Chemotaxis of neutrophils and enhance the vascular inflammatory reaction |
| Where to T lymphocytes process and mature? | In the thymus gland |
| Where do T lymphocytes reside? | In the lymphoid nodules |
| What do T lymphocytes do? | Develop memory for a single specific foreign antigen associated with an injurious agent |
| T lymphocytes are passed down through generations to what? | Numerous T-cell progeny |
| What do T lymphocytes do when they encounter an enemy? | They react by sending messages to other cells, including T cells, B cells, and macrophages |
| What do T-Helper cells do? | They increase the functioning of the B lymphocytes and enhance the antibody response |
| What do T-Suppressor cells do? | Suppress the functioning of the B lymphocytes and T-killer cells that are active |
| What are the chemical messages sent by T lymphocytes called and what do they do? | Lymphokines or cytokines: they instruct the other cells to disable the antigenic agent |
| What might T lymphocytes do? | Inhibit the migration of neutrophils and stimulate the activity of fibroblasts to enhance repair |
| What are the functions of macrophages? (a type of T lymphocyte) | -They are involved in the immune response -They are active in the phagocytosis of foreign substance and help the B and T cells -Process and present the antigen to the lymphocytes -Serve as a link between inflammatory and immune responses |
| Antigen-processing cells, such as macrophages, do what? | Change or process the antigen until it is recognizable to the lymphocytes |
| T-cells serve as what? | The "team leader" |
| How do other lymphokines (chemical messages) have effects on macrophages? | -Initiation of macrophage chemotaxis -Activation of phagocytosis -Aggregation (grouping together) at the area of the injury |
| What are the 2 functions of T lymphocytes? | 1. Directly destroy the antigenic agent 2. Send messages back to T cells |
| When do Immune Deficiency diseases occur? | When the immune system does not form or mature completely or when the lymphocytes or antigen-processing cells are suppressed or destroyed by exogenous factors |
| What do we need to remember about transplantation? | -All cells bear surface antigens -Immune system is programmed to recognize these antigens as self -Lymphocytes and macrophages will begin the immune process and reject transplanted tissues -Immune suppressive drugs are used for transplant patients |
| What are the 5 classes of Gamma Globulins? | IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE |
| What do IgG gamma globulins do? | They have 2 binding sites, they are the only antibody to cross the placenta and are the only defense and infant has |
| What do IgM gamma globulins do? | Primary response, agglutination has 10 binding sites (wagon wheel) |
| What do IgA gamma globulins do? | Main immunoglobin is in secretions, prevents attachment of antigen to mucous membranes-has J chain and secretory component |
| What do IgD gamma globulins do? | Has no known antibody function at this time |
| What do IgE gamma globulins do? | Mediates anaphylactic hypersensitivity |
| What is immunity? | Increased responsiveness that results from the retained memory of an already incountered antigen |
| Active Immunity | Can be natural or acquired (own body has produced its own antibodies through activation of the immune system as a result of antigenic stimulation) |
| Natural Active Immunity | When a disease is caused by an MO and protection against further attack by that MO is conferred to the individual if the body recovers from the disease |
| What else should we know about Natural Active Immunity? | No memory, non-specific, not acquired from previous antigen exposures, born with it, does NOT improve after exposure (birth and breastfeeding) |
| Acquired Active Immunity | Injected with pathogenic MO's- vaccination, occurs after exposures, improves with repeated exposures, mediated by antibodies and T cells, long term memory, can be passive or active |
| Immunization | Production of acquired immunity- lowers the risk of an antigen causing disease because it safely prepares the immune system to fight future attacks by the disease-causing MO |
| Passive Immunity | Using antibodies produced by another person to protect an individual against infectious disease- acquired or natural- protection achieved by the introduction of preformed antibody or immune cells to a nonimmune host |
| How can we get Passive Immunity? | From mother through placenta, puncture wound with needle in dental office |
| Hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases are examples of what? | Damage caused by the immunte response |
| Ideal Vaccine | -Contains enough antigen to protect against infection -Contains antigens of all strains of pathogen -Few or no side effects -Does not CAUSE the disease |
| What is a Hypersensivity Disease and what are the 4 types? | -Immune system overreacts to an antigen- can be B or T cells -Causes necrosis and dysfunction of tissue by these mechanisms -Anaphylaxis allergy, Cytolytic effect, Immune complex disease, Delayed hypersensitivy |
| Anaphylaxis Allergy | 1. Reacts to harmless antigens by making antibodies 2. Attach to mast cells which release histamine 3. Can be life threatening: unable to breathe 4. Histamine and leukotrienes are activated and severe acute inflam. response causes clin signs & symptoms |
| Cytolytic Effect | 1. Normal cells appear antigenic to the immune system and are regarded as forein B cells 2. Antibodies coat these normal cells, resulting in cell lysis from either complement fixation or lymphocyte cytotoxicity |
| Immune Complex Disease | 1. Relatively harmless antigens form complexes with antibodies 2. Entrapped in blood vessel walls where complement is activated 3. Stimulate vascular & cellular stages of ACUTE INFLAMMATION and damages tissues 4. Settles in the glomuerli of the kidney |
| Delayed Hypersensitivity | 1. Relatively harmless antigen stimulates a T lymphocyte sensitivity 2. Normal tissue damaged by immunte response |
| Hypersensitivity to Drugs | 1. Drug acts as antigen and causes an immunological induced inflammatory response 2. Can be fatal (systemic) |
| Autoimmune Disease | Immune cells either become confused and attack normal cells or normal cells are altered antigenically and are no longer respected as self by the immune system |
| Healing by Primary Intention | surgical incision, clean edges joined with sutures |
| Healing by Secondary Intention | Loss of tissue so edges of the injury cannot be joined during healing, large clot, increased scar tissue |
| Healing by Tertiary Intention | Infection occurs at the site of surgical incision that is healing by primary intention, healing by secondary intention may ensue |
| What makes up the liquid part of the blood? | Plasma |
| What makes up the solid part of the blood? | cells and platelets |
| What does plasma contain? | 90% water, proteins, antibodies, dissolved salts |
| Where are RBC's produced? | Red bone marrow |
| Which is the most numerous blood cell? | RBC's |
| Which blood cell has no nucleus? | RBC's |
| What are the functions of WBC's? | Protect the body from invasion |
| What are the platelets needed for? | Clotting |
| What are the 4 blood types? | A, B, AB, O |
| What are the functions of the blood? | Conveyance medium, maintain H2O balance in the body, defense, regulates body temp, involved with lymphatic fluid flow |
| What are the lines of defense the body has against invaders? | Skin, sweat, saliva, tears, nasal passages, stomach acids |
| List 4 types of invaders | Viruses, Fungi, Bacteria, Parasites |
| List the 6 steps of invasion a virus takes | 1. Virus enters the body 2. Penetrates the cell 3. Takes control of the cell 4. Replicates itself 5. Cell bursts 6. Repeats procedure in neighboring cells |
| List 3 ways one can be immunized | 1. Injection 2. Orally 3. Scarification |
Created by:
wels8301
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